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deserted him. Hesitating, and full of apprehensions, he advanced to St. Edmund's Bury, and thence fell back to Cambridge. There, finding his army gradually mouldering away, and hearing that queen Mary had been proclaimed in London, he caused the same ceremonial to be performed, and, with a heavy heart, threw up his cap, and cried "God save queen Mary!" This forced return to duty did not avail him. He was arrested by the earl of Arundel (who not long before had protested that he was ready to spend his blood at his feet), brought to London, and committed to the Tower. He seems from the first to have resigned all hope of pardon; yet his sudden conforming to the Roman-catholic religion has by many been supposed to have been a consequence of the expectation of mercy. If not a real conversion, it was, however, more probably a step to procure the queen's favour to his family. When brought to the scaffold, he made the fullest acknowledgment of having deserved his fate, declared his firm adherence to his new faith, and submitted to the stroke with perfect composure. He suffered on August 22, 1553, in the fifty-first or fifty-second year of his age. He left several children, of whom lord Guilford Dudley alone (with his ill-fated partner) paid the penalty of his guilty ambition. Biog. Britan.-A.

DUDLEY, ROBERT, earl of Leicester, a powerful favourite of queen Elizabeth, was fifth son of the subject of the preceding article. He was born about 1532. Of his education little is known. He was knighted when young, and introduced to the court of king Edward, to whom he was made gentleman of the bedchamber. At the accession of Mary he was involved in the sentence passed against his father, but was pardoned and restored in blood. He even rose to favour in that reign, and was made master of the ordnance. When Elizabeth arrived at the throne, Dudley soon obtained that place in her good graces which the elegance of his person and manners, and his courtly arts, were singularly adapted to acquire from one who was apt to consult her eye rather than her understanding in choosing her favourites. She showered upon him honours and benefits with a lavish hand; created him master of the horse, knight of the Garter, and privy-counsellor; and enabled him to maintain the splendor of his station by the princely grants of the manors and castles of Kenelworth, Denbigh, and Chirk. He was chosen high steward of the university of Cambridge; and his known favour at court obtained for him a vast number

of stewardships and other offices from tion and public bodies throughout the kingdom; so that his interest became the first in the nation. The common people expressed their sense of his power and greatness by styling him "the heart of the court."

Scope had been given to the most elevated schemes of ambition which, as a subject, he could entertain, by his becoming a widower in 1560; and such was the public opinion of his character, that the death of his wife, said to have been occasioned by a fall, was popularly believed to have been the consequence of foul practices. A circumstantial narration of the murder is even given by Aubrey (Antiq. of Berkshire); but, from that writer's known credulity, it cannot be regarded as more than a vulgar report. What hopes he was led to foster of marriage with the queen, his mistress, cannot be ascertained; but he was an opposer of her projected match with the archduke. Elizabeth herself proposed him as a suitor to Mary queen of Scots, who rejected the offer as an indignity. In 1564 he was created baron of Denbigh and earl of Leicester; and in that year was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford. Charles IX. of France added to his honours his own order of St. Michael, doubtless regarding him as one of the leading men in the English court. He is supposed insidiously to have urged the duke of Norfolk to that courtship of the Scottish queen which ended in his ruin, Leicester himself being one of the peers who pronounced his condemnation in 1572. About that period he formed a connection with the baroness-dowager Sheffield, lady Douglas Howard, which is generally supposed to have been a real marriage, though he never acknowledged it; and afterwards, by his persecutions, compelled the lady to marry another person. With all these stains upon his character, he affected extraordinary piety, and put himself at the head of the puritan party. He erected an hospital at Warwick, with a liberal endowment, and gave the mastership of it to the eminent puritan divine Thomas Cartwright (see his article). 1575 he had the honour of entertaining the queen for ten days at his noble mansion of Kenelworth; and the sumptuous festivities on this occasion are distinguished among the splendors of that magnificent reign. He married a second wife in 1578, the widow of Walter Devereux, earl of Essex, with whom he was suspected of being too intimate before her husband's death. That the earl was taken off by poison, through the contrivance of Leicester, was probably a calumnious imputation, which,

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however, proves the unfavourable idea enter-
tained of his character. He was the principal
instrument, in 1584, in promoting an associa-
tion of the nobility and gentry to pursue to
death whosoever should make any attempt
against queen Elizabeth ;-a resolution aimed
at the queen of Scots, to whom he now seems
to have been a declared enemy. This measure
was approved in parliament, and a bill brought
in for its execution, which gave great alarm to
many of the popish nobility. The revolted
States of the Low-countries being at this time
reduced to great difficulties, they made an offer
to queen Elizabeth of placing themselves under
her protection and government; and as she de-
clined this, they requested a succour from her,
on condition of putting some of their towns in
to her hands by way of pledge. An agreement
was entered into for this purpose, and an aid of
5000 foot and 1000 horse was to be sent over,
commanded by a person of rank and confidence,
who should have admission into the council of
the States. The earl of Leicester was chosen
by the queen for this high trust; and, in De-
cember, 1585, he sailed to Flushing, with a
splendid company of nobility and gentry,
and all the attendance suitable to his dignity.
He was received with great rejoicings and pro-
found respect; and the States, in addition to
the powers granted him by his commission,
raised him to the supreme executive authority,
as well civil as military, throughout their do-
minions. This enlargement of his power gave
great apparent offence to the queen, who had
not been consulted in the business; and she re-
proved very sharply both the States for grant-
ing, and the earl for accepting, it. By due
submissions, however, she was pacified, and
probably was not displeased at such an instance
of respect shewn to one who appeared as her
representative. The earl proceeded to action,
and several encounters took place, in which the
English troops distinguished themselves, though
little advantage upon the whole was obtained.
Leicester, indeed, as a general, was very un-
equally matched against the prince of Parma,
the ablest commander of the
age. His attempt
to take Zutphen failed of success, though much
valour was displayed in several actions before
it; in one of which he had to lament the loss
of his nephew, the excellent sir Philip Sidney.
On his return to the Hague, he found the
States indisposed against him, and mutual ac-
cusations soon arose between them. Leicester,
by his affected zeal for protestantism,. and his
pretended piety, had gained the confidence of
the people, and especially of the clergy,who from

their pulpits inveighed against the magistrates, and extolled the earl as the champion of true religion. He embarked for England in November, having first publicly resigned the care of the provinces to the council of state, while he privately reserved his authority over all the governors of towns and districts. He was favourably received by the queen, who was at that time in great perplexity how to act respecting the queen of Scots. When the matter was debated in council, and it was proposed to bring her to a public trial, Leicester advised the infamous measure of taking her off by private assassination; by which he certainly has given strength to those suspicions of his own criminal practices against his enemies, which have ever adhered to his memory.

In June, 1587, he returned to his command in the Low-countries; and making an attempt to raise the siege of Sluys, which proved unsuccessful, the misunderstanding between himself and the States rose higher than ever. They abridged his authority; while he, by his emissaries, excited popular discontents against them. Mutual complaints were transmitted to the court of Elizabeth, who wisely recalled him towards the close of the year. She, however, supported him against an accusation of misconduct brought by Lord Buckhurst and others; and he does not appear to have lost ground in her favour. When an army was assembled at Tilbury to resist the threatened Spanish invasion, Leicester was made lieutenant general of it, and received a high testimony of approbation from the queen in a speech at the camp. He died in the same year, 1588, at his seat of Cornbury in Oxfordshire, at the age of fiftysix, leaving no issue but a natural son by lady Sheffield. He was interred in a chapel of the collegiate church of Warwick, where a noble monument was erected to his memory. is generally agreed, that his fortune was superior to his abilities, and both to his virtue. He was a dark designing character, ambitious and arbitrary by nature, but assuming popular and courtly manners when it suited his interest. His piety was so gravely acted, that some, not disposed to think too favourably of him, have considered it as real; which it might be, as far as devotion can be allied with bad morals. Biog. Britan. Bentivoglio. Groti Annal. Belg.-A.

DUDLEY, sir ROBERT, the natural son of Robert earl of Leicester, mentioned in the preceding article, was born at Sheen in 1573. He was educated at Christ-church college, Oxford, and acquired the character of one of the most learned and accomplished among the young men

of quality in England. His father, who died when he was about fifteen years old, bequeathed him, after the decease of his uncle, the lordships of Denbigh and Chirk, the castle of Kenelworth, and the bulk of his estate. His enterprising disposition, and his connection with the eminent navigator, Thomas Cavendish, whose sister he married for his first wife, prompted him to undertake a voyage of adventure and discovery; and he planned an expedition at his own expence to the South-seas, which, however, the government would not suffer to take place. But he was allowed to sail with a small squadron under his own command, in 1594, to the river Oronoque; in which expedition he took and destroyed several Spanish ships. An account of it, written by himself, was published in Hackluyt's collection. He was present at the taking of Cadiz in 1506, and distinguished his courage in that glorious action, so as to obtain the honour of knighthood. Hav. ing become a widower, he married Alice, daughter of sir Thomas Leigh, upon whom he settled great part of his estate. He then made an attempt to establish the legitimacy of his birth; but he was therein opposed by the countess-dowager of Leicester, who found means to put a stop to his proceedings. In consequence of his disappointment, he resolved to take up his residence for a time abroad, and obtained a licence for the purpose; but he disgraced himself by carrying with him a young lady, the daughter of sir Robert Southwell. He left behind him his wife and four daughters. He chose for his abode the court of Florence, where he assumed the title of earl of Warwick; and having disobeyed the letters of recal which were issued to him on this account, a pretext was taken by the crown for seizing his estate. Some time afterwards, Henry prince of Wales being desirous of possessing the fine scat of Kenelworth, proposals were made to Dudley for resigning his claims, with which he complied; but he received very little of the money awarded to him. In order to ingratiate himself with the court, and facilitate his return to his country, he drew up an extraordinary scheme for enabling the king to raise money without applying to parliament. This unprincipled project, which he sent to king James, but which was too daring to be adopted by that monarch, fell into the hands of some persons of distinction, and was made public. The patriotic party made advantage of it, and some persons were involved in trouble about it, till it was traced to the real author. (See the article of sir ROBERT COTTON.) Dudley remained at

Florence, and was made chamberlain to the wife of the grand duke Cosmo II. who was sister to the emperor Ferdinand. Through her interest he was created a duke of the holy Roman empire, and thereupon assumed his grandfather's title of Northumberland, and was afterwards enrolled among the Roman nobility. He is said to have been of great use to the duchy of Tuscany by means of various projects for improving navigation and commerce; and, in particular, the draining of the morass between Pisa and the sea, and the improvement of the port of Livorno, or Leghorn, and raising it to a free port, is imputed to him by the English writers. He published a large work, entitled "Del Arcano del Mare, &c." in two volumes folio, Flor. 1630 and 1646, full of charts, plans, and schemes, and suggesting a great variety of projects relative to maritime affairs, which are said to display great extent of knowledge and fertility of invention. He was an amateur of science in general, and gave his name to a medical nostrum, which he either purchased or invented, and which was long in practice under the title of Pulvis Comitis Warwicensis. This is a scammoniate purge, nearly the same with that recommended by Dr. Cornacchini as a kind of universal remedy. Dudley lived in a style of magnificence much beyond what the pension he received from the grand duke would enable him to support. He married, by the pope's dispensation, the lady he took abroad with him, though his second wife, lady Alice, was still living;-a circumstance which appears extraordinary. He died at his seat near Florence in 1649, leaving a numerous foreign posterity. Among the various talents and inventions of this singular character, he is said to have been the first who broke setting-dogs. Biog. Britan.-A.

DUFRESNY, CHARLES RIVIERE, a man of various talents, but chiefly known as a comic writer, was born at Paris in 1648. He passed for a grandson of Henry IV. and is said to have resembled him. He displayed a general taste for the arts, without having studied any. He wrote and set songs, made curious landscapes by cutting out and adapting the parts of different prints, but especially excelled in laying out gardens; which last talent procured him from Lewis XIV. (to whom he was a servant of the bed-chamber) the office of comptroller of the royal gardens. He had also the patent for the manufacture of looking-glasses. Such, however, was his extravagance, that he was reduced to sell all his places and privileges. The king once said, "There are two persons

whom I shall never be able to enrich, Dufresny and Bontemps." The latter was his valet-dechambre, and also a great spendthrift. Dufresny, after quitting the court, went to Paris, and began to write for the stage in company with Regnard. Though he did not attain to the excellence of this writer, he composed many pieces which agreeably entertained the public. His reputation was high enough to have induced D'Alembert, in his academical eulogy of Destouches, to give a refined and elaborate comparison of his subject and Dufresny, with respect to their comic talents. In this, the opinion given concerning the latter is, that, with less regularity and correctness, he is more original, free, and inventive; and that he is characterised "by a happy mixture of fire and delicacy, by a species of gaiety entirely his own and unstudied, and by a style which always keeps alive the attention, though it cannot be taken for a model." It does not appear, however, that Dufresny's pieces have remained on the stage, like those of Destouches. His careless life was exposed to several vicissitudes. In 1710 he obtained the privilege of printing the "Mercure Galant," and for a time enlivened that work by his sallies; but he soon sold his right in it. He was greatly reduced about the time of Law's projects under the regency; when, by a humourous petition to the regent, he obtained the lavish gift of 200,000 livres. With this money he built a handsome mansion, which he called the house of Pliny. He was twice married; but as his dispositions were far from domestic, his views in this connection were to obtain a temporary resource. One of his friends once observing to him, that "poverty was not a vice;"It is much worse," replied he. He died poor, in 1724. His works were collected in 1731, in six volumes 12mo. Besides his dramatic pieces, they contain cantatas set by himself, songs, serious and comic amusements, historical anecdotes, &c. in all which are strokes of a lively and singular imagination. Siècle de Louis XIV. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

DUGDALE, sir WILLIAM, an eminent English antiquary, was the son of a Warwickshire gentleman of Shustoke, near Coleshill, where he was born in 1605. He was educated at the free-school in Coventry, and received instructions in law and history under his father, after whose death he purchased Blythe-hall, in Shustoke, and fixed his residence there. His acquaintance with some gentlemen attached to antiquarian pursuits, engaged him in similar studies, and he began to make collections for a

history of his native county. In 1638 he visited London, and was introduced to sir Henry Spelman, and other learned antiquaries. Through their recommendation he obtained a pursuivant's place in the herald's office, where he came to reside in 1640. He made use of the opportunities this afforded him, to enlarge his collections from the records in the Tower and other repositories. and other repositories. When the civil war broke out he was summoned to attend the king officially, and was with him at the battle of Edge-hill, and at Oxford, where he was created a master of arts. He succeeded to the place of Chester-herald in 1644. By the king's command he continued at Oxford till its surrender in 1646, where he employed himself in searching the Bodleian and other libraries, and laying up materials for the "Monasticon," in which he was engaged along with Mr. Roger Dodsworth. This great work afterwards employed them both in London; and Dugdale paying a visit to Paris with lord Hatton in 1648, obtained the perusal of the collections of Andrew du Chesne, whence he copied many things relative to the priors alien in England. The first volume of the "Monasticon Anglicanum," or Account of all the Religious Houses in England, from their Foundation to their Dissolution, was published in 1655, folio. This, and the second volume, published in 1661, were entirely written by Dodsworth, but Dugdale took great pains in methodising and digesting them. The third volume did not appear till 1673. We are told that the publication of the Monasticon produced the effect of causing many law-suits, in consequence of the old writings it brought to light; and that it gave great alarm and offence to the puritans, as tending to bring back popery. Two volumes of additions were printed by John Stephens in 1722 and 1723, and Mr. Peck promised another volume, which has not yet appeared. The whole is a valuable collection of national matter, and is now become scarce. In 1656 Dugdale published his "Antiquities of Warwickshire illustrated," folio, a work of twenty years' labour, and characterised. by Mr. Gough as "standing at the head of all our county histories." A second edition of it by William Thomas, D.D. appeared in 1730, two vols. He employed his residence in London, during the printing of this work, in collecting materials for a History of St. Paul's Cathedral in London," published in 1658. folio. Upon the restoration he was advanced to the office of Norroy king of arms. His industry was next employed in a work perhaps of greater utility than those already mentioned, at the re

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quest of several of the adventurers in the drainage of the fens. This was "The History of Embanking and Draining of divers Fens and Marshes, both in foreign Parts and in this Kingdom, and of the Improvement thereby," 1662, folio. He edited, in 1664, the second volume of "Sir Henry Spelman's Councils," and the second part of his "Glossary." A compilation which he had made from his frequent examinations of records, &c. relative to the English courts of justice, their forms, rules, and offices, with chronological tables of all the principal law offices, appeared in 1666, under the title of "Origines Judiciales," folio: this is recommended by bishop Nicolson (Engl. Hist. Library) as an useful introduction to the legal history of England. Another great performance in which he appeared as a genealogist and historian was "The Baronage of England," or an account of all the families of nobility, in three vols. folio, 1675, 1676. This work has incurred some severe criticism from his brother antiquaries on account of numerous mistakes and deficiencies; yet it is allowed by candid judges to possess great merit as a foundation for a historical peerage, which after-researches might render more perfect. In 1677 he was In 1677 he was advanced to the highest heraldic post, that of Garter principal king of arms; to which was joined the honour of knighthood-an honour, which the smallness of his estate rendered him unwilling to accept. He proceeded in publishing the fruits of his various enquiries; of which were "A short View of the late Troubles in England, with a perfect Narrative of the Treaty of Uxbridge," 1681, folio: "The ancient Usage in bearing Arms; with a Catalogue of the Nobility, and of Knights of the Garter and Baronets," 1681, 8vo.: A perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the great Councils and Parliaments, from 49th of Henry III. to the present Times," 1685, folio. He compiled a number of other volumes, which he left in MS. to the university of Oxford, and the Herald's college. This very industrious writer, who appears to have had a considerable share of worldly trouble, died at his house of Blythe hall in his 81st year, in February, 1686. He left a son, John, who also belonged to the heraldic profession, and was knighted. He had a daughter, married to the well-known Elias Ashmole. Biog. Britan.-A.

DUGUET, JAMES JOSEPH, a French priest, and author of numerous publications much esteemed by religious Catholics, and particularly among the favourers of the jansenist tenets, was born at Montbrison, near Lyons, in the

VOL. III.

year 1649. He early discovered an astonishing strength of memory and aptitude at acquiring learning, which his father, who was himself respectable for his knowledge and for his virtues, spared no pains in cultivating and improv ing. When he was eighteen years of age, with the approbation of his father, he entered into the house belonging to the institution of the Congregation of the Oratory at Paris, where he applied himself with uncommon diligence to the several branches of study appointed by his superiors, and acquitted himself, both in his conduct and proficiency, to their entire satisfaction. After passing through the usual preliminary courses, he was sent to Saumur, to study theology. In the year 1671, notwithstanding that his diffidence and humility led him to conceive himself unequal to the task, he was appointed by the fathers professor of philosophy in their college at Troyes; where the admirable and successful manner in which he discharged the duties of that office did ample justice to the discernment of those who had selected him for it. At the same time he was ordered to deliver there a series of catechetical instructions to the poor; which were so numerously attended by persons of other ranks in life, that he had reason to complain that the poor, for whose benefit they were chiefly designed, were in a considerable degree excluded from the place appointed for their delivery. In the year 1677 he was ordained priest; and during the two following years discharged the duties of professor, first of scholastic, and afterwards of positive theology, in the seminary of St. Magloire at Paris. It was while he retained this professorship that he established his celebrated ecclesiastical conferences, which were attended with crowded audiences, and procured him a high reputation for extensive knowledge, judgment, and piety." This reputation occasioned his being involved in a large correspondence with persons applying to him for his advice and opinion in matters relative to morals, religion, and ecclesiastical discipline, a close attention to which, in connection with his other engagements, proved injurious to his state of health, which was naturally delicate. He was consequently obliged in the year 1680 to apply for exemption from his fixed employments; and, excepting a refidence for one year at Strasburg, where his conferences were carried on with the same success and applause as formerly, chiefly confined himself to the labours of his study. In the year 1685 he retired to Brussels, to enjoy the conversation of his friend M. Arnauld; but the air of that place not agreeing with his health, he 32

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