137 dictionaries say nothing on this point. mit in the next line is adv. (3, 3, n.), along with, at the same time with (viz., the tugging, 3upfen).

8. Em. nachseßen (seßen, to set, is also used intransitively, with a middle sense,-cf. 33, 20, n., or Eve, 180-, as in the Eng. 'set out, set off,' &c., e.g. über einen Fluß, einen Graben seßen, to cross, spring, pass over), to pursue, hasten after. Cf. nachspringen, 9, 14; nachschleichen, 41, 10, and bear in mind the distinction pointed out in 7, 9, n.

9. hüpfte ihm zum Kopfe (=zu seinem-or dessen-Kopfe) hinauf. For this very common construction, in which a dat. of the person (subst. or pron.) followed by the def. art. stands in place of a genit, or a poss. pron., cf. in the next line, dem Reiter nach der Hand,=nach des Reiters Hand; 18, 27, schüttelte ihm die Hand,=seine Hand; 21, 19; 22, 9; 24, 15; 26, 26; 49, 14; &c. The two constructions however are seldom exactly equivalent in force, nor can the latter by any means always be substituted for the former. In the former the dat. of the subst. or pron. is almost always more or less distinctly recognisable as a dativus commodi [vel incommodi], a 'dat. of interest' (or relation), serving to put into greater prominence than a genit. or a poss. pron. would do, the person mentioned, as affected by the act or condition in question. This may be very distinctly seen in the last two of the examples quoted. The def. art. is in German also often used alone instead of the poss. pron., when the posessive relation is quite clear from the context; so 4, 20; 6, 1; 9,1; 31, 11; 58, 31, &c. Cf. also such idioms as those explained in 6, 27, n.; 15, 21, n.

II. bäumen, more usually fich bäumen, to rise up (straight, like a tree), to rear.

12. Huftritt: treten, to tread, tread on, also means, to give a thrust or blow with the foot, to kick.—vavonzutragen. davon, lit., 'from there,' i.e., from the place just spoken of, or otherwise pointed out by the context. Often however the place to which da refers is entirely undefined, it means simply the place where the person indicated by the subject of the verb may happen to be. Thus da prefixed in composition to the prep. simply serves to form a corresponding adv.,-von, prep., 'from,' davon, adv. (as prefix in numerous compound verbs), 'off, away,' cf. below, 1. 21, davonlaufen, to run away; 31, 19, sich davon machen, to take oneself off, to make off. Cf. also darein or drein, 9, 30, n.; dabei, 10, 9, n. For da similarly used in composition with an adv., cf. vahin, 96, 28, n. davontragen, to carry off, used as above, to come off with, 'get,' cf. 12, 13, n.

=

13. scheuen, of animals, to shy.—weichen, to yield, give place (22, 12);

hence zurückweichen, to retreat; ausweichen, 9, 13; 52, 24, to draw back out of the way, to avoid, &c.

14. stiegen hoch auf. steigen, a technical expression used of horses,= sich bäumen, to rear.—vúrchgehen, to run away.—troß Zügel und Schenkel. Schenkel, leg, esp. (=Oberschenkel) thigh. Riders use the phrases, das Pferd gehorcht dem Schenkel, obeys or answers to the pressure of the rider's leg; ein Pferd zwischen Schenkel und Zügel nehmen, to rein in a horse, pressing his flanks with the legs.—geftreckten Laufes (cf. note to 1. 1 above; perhaps we should more usually say in gestrecktem Lauf), at full speed. strecken, to stretch; sich im Lauf strecken, of horses, to put on the best pace; gestreckter Trab, fast trot, &c.

17. In German dieser, this one, 'the latter,' is often used, in order to point out more distinctly the person or thing last spoken of, where in Eng. a pers. pron. would or might be used, cf. 9, 2; 10, 1; 58, 29; 60, 24; &c. jener, that one, 'the former' (82, 31; 88, 1, &c.), is used in a similar way, for the person or thing first spoken of.—augenblicklich, here apparently=einen Augenblick, for a moment.' The word is not much used in this sense, because of the ambiguity occasioned by its commoner meaning, 'in a moment,' 'immediately.' As an adj. in the corresponding sense (21, 16), it is both less liable to confusion, and less easy to replace.—als wollte er sagen (=als wenn er sagen wollte, cf. 4, 20, n.), as though he would say, as if he meant to say (wollen, 5, 17, n.). 18. ich kann's (cf. 4, 25, n.) noch viel beffer (sc. machen, cf. 16, 24, n.).— drauf, darauf, thereupon, then.

20. Drohte.... aber gar. gar is thus used (cf. the similar use of voll, ends, 'completely,' 23, 16, n., and note that gar had originally the same meaning, 5, 20, n.), to mark something as forming a climax or crowning point, and is often equivalent to fogar, 'even,' cf. 9, 12; 32, 25; 57, 12, &c. But if R. even went so far as to....'—verwandelte sich, refl.,=an Eng. intrans., 'changed into.....,' cf. 33, 20, n.

21. lief...davon, cf. 1. 12 above, n.-Furcht vor........: vor, before, in the presence of, is often used where in Eng. another prep., esp. 'of,' is required, cf. 22, 19; 41, 24; &c. Cf. 9, 12, n. Eve, 112, (4).

22. durchschwärmte die halbe Stadt. schwärmen, to swarm, first of a number (Schwarm, swarm), as bees, &c., then also of individuals, to rove, wander at will, often with the idea of impetuosity or disorder. Note that when a transitive verb is formed from an intransitive by means of one of the doubtful prefixes (durch, hinter, über, um, unter), it is always inseparable, cf. 1. 9 above, umkreisen; 13, 2, durchziehen; 55, 23, durchtönen; 89, 30, durchleuchten, &c. The same is the case when from a transitive

verb a transitive compound is formed, which bears a modified or figurative meaning, or takes a different object; cf. 30, 25, umgeben, to surround (lit. give round); 70, 3, durchbohren, to penetrate, &c.-trieb...neuen Unfug, cf. 3, 12, n.

23. schlich erst spät: erst, first, =not earlier than, 'not until,' 'not before,' 'only,' cf. 17,5; 20, 13; 52, 21; 82, 28, &c. But as a thing which took place 'not earlier than,' 'not until' a certain time may in another aspect be regarded as having taken place 'no farther back than,' 'so recently as,' that time (cf. 3, 16, ein Holzbau, erst vor zehn Jahren aufge, führt), erft may with an expression of past time mean 'only,' in the sense of 'but,' 'so lately as,' cf. 107, 22; so erst gestern may mean 'not until yesterday,' or 'but yesterday.'

28. We write das nächste Mal or das nächstemal; so zum ersten Mal or zum erstenmal, 12, 22; mit einem Mal or mit einemmal[e], 21, 6, all at once, suddenly, &c.—um so länger, 4, 7, n.

29. Also (3, 8, n.) nahm sich Meister R. vor,...zu...: sich (dat.) etw. vornehmen (or vorseßen, 54, 3; 64, 13; whence Vorsaß, 50, 16, a purpose, resolve), lit., to take or put a thing before oneself, i. e. to purpose to do it, determine upon it.—auf frischer That (frisch, fresh, recent), 'in the very act.'

30. lief...hinter dem Reiter her. In both her (5, 2, n.), einher (orig. =herein, but in use rather= heran, 5, 2, n.), and daher (lit., from there hither: or, the point of departure indicated by da becoming indefinite, =the simple her), the conception that the motion is directed towards the speaker or other person in question not seldom falls into the background, so that her, einher, daher denote free motion ‘along,' cf. 10, 21; einherftolzieren; 17, 31; &c. Often a prep. with a dat. object, expressing the place where, indicates implicitly at the same time the direction in which the motion takes place, so above; cf. 21, 1; the compound adv. nebenher, 41, 12; &c. In some cases it may be doubtful how far the proper force of the prefix is to be recognised; in 90, 9, einherschleichen at least conveys it less decidedly and definitely than heranschleichen would do.

PAGE 9.

1. zerknirscht (knirschen, to gnash; zer, 33, 17, n.: zerknirschen, to crush, bruise, chiefly fig.), bruised or crushed in spirit, 'contrite.'

2. Herankommen, 5, 2, n.—sowie or so wie (13, 2), as soon as. 3. auf zehn Schritt, 'up to' the distance of, i.e. 'within' ten paces, So 43, 5, &c. Schritt here follows correctly the rule that masc. and neut.

names of measures are not inflected in the plural; but the plur. Schritte is also used.-Reißaus_nehmen=ausreißen. reißen, to 'tear,' also in the sense, 'rush along,' now chiefly in the pres. part., ein reißender Fluß, a rapid river, and in compounds, as einreißen, to make rapid inroads, ausreißen, to break or run away, to bolt. Reißaus as subst. is formed fr. the imperat., reiß aus!

5. kam herbei, 5, 2, n.—lief...davon, 8, 12, n.

8. bei (18, 21, n.) ihm, with him, in his neighbourhood.—vom Leibe (Leib, body), from his person, from him. Cf. the phrases, Drei Schritt vom Leibe! Keep your distance! Bleiben Sie mir, damit vom Leibe! Don't bother me about that! Cf. also 34, 14, n., Em. zu Leibe rücken. IO. wer denn endlich gewinne,= gewinnen werde. The pres. with fut. meaning is much more widely used in German than in English. Where the time is sufficiently indicated by the context, the pres. is often used in preference to the fut., especially in conversation, as being terser and more animated. This is more particularly the case where the certainty or immediate sequence of the event is assumed or indicated, cf. 20, 1; 23, 23; 30, 11; 38, 25, &c. With the above, where we have the pres. subj. with fut. meaning, cf. 28, 5; 53, 3. 12. zitterte vor Wuth. cause,='for' or 'with,' cf.

For this use of vor with the dat. to express 25, 3; 54, 18; 65, 15, and esp. 97, 15, which shows clearly also in this use of the prep. (cf. 8, 21, n.) the meaning, 'before,' 'in the presence of.' Eve, 112, (5).—gar, 8, 20, n.

14. apportiren (fr. Lat. apportare, cf. Fr. apporter)=herbeiholen, herbeibringen, used chiefly of dogs trained to fetch and carry.

16. sein Rächer (rächen, to revenge, avenge, Eng. wreak) would usually mean some one who avenged him upon another; here the context shows it to mean the person—his master-taking vengeance on him, punishing him.—zum Hiebe ausgeholt hatte. ausholen (holen, to fetch), to throw back or stretch out the arm or a weapon, preparatory to the forward stroke, in aiming a blow, to 'make ready.' Cf. Luther's Bible,... und holte mit der Hand die Art aus, das Holz abzuhauen, with the Eng. version, 'and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree...,' Deut. xix. 5.

19. The primary idea of the prefix ent, is 'up,' 'out,' hence 'forth,' ‘away'; it indicates a change of condition, either with reference to the new condition into which the subject enters, so that it marks the beginning of the action, as in entbrennen (102, 20), to burst out into flame, be enkindled; entblühen=erblühen (49, 16, n.); entschlafen, &c.; or with chief reference to the condition out of or away from which the

change takes place—cf. 1. 21 below, entrinnen, to escape from; entreißen, 11, 13, to tear or snatch out of or away from; entwachsen, 20, 31, to grow out of, leave behind;-so that ent often denotes reversal of the action indicated by the simple verb, or becomes directly privative, thus entfalten, to unfold (hence, to display, exhibit); entbinden, to unbind; enthaupten, 27, 13, to behead; entwürdigen, 52, 13, to dishonour, degrade; entlarven, 72, 23, n., and entpuppen, 75, 19, n.

20. Unarten, 4, 16, n.—rechtzeitig, at the right time, 'timely.'

22. erst (cf. 8, 23, n.), erst jeßt (18, 29, n.), erst recht (68, 17, n.; 85, 4, n.), are expressions indicating that though what is predicated, or something like it, had already existed in some degree, or might have been supposed to exist, it now for the first time really exists, is now true in a degree compared with which the past is of but little account. They are thus often used, where they can hardly be directly rendered, to express emphasis and climax. The force of erft in the present passage, contrasting the distracting disorder of the present with the comparatively trifling disturbances of the past, might be indicated by a somewhat emphasised 'now'; cf. notes on the passages quoted above.—das leibhaftige Unheil: leíbhaft or leibháftig, in bodily shape, in actual presence,─Da stand mein leibhafter Bruder vor mir, my brother himself; hence, real, actual, incarnate (41, 25),—Er ist das leibhafte Ebenbild seines Vaters, the very image of his father. It is thus often used to intensify,-Der leibhafte Hunger sah ihm aus den Augen, devouring hunger stood written in his

eyes.

23. Heil (subst. fr. adj. Heil, Eng. hale and whole, cf. 112, 25, n.), orig., wholeness or health; then extended to mean happiness or welfare in general, cf. 35, 29, für's Heil der Stadt, for the good of the town. Unheil (20, 1), misfortune, mischief, evil.

24. balgten mit...: usually sich balgen, =[sich] raufen, cf. 4, 12, n.

25. dergestalt (ver, gen. or dat. sing. fem. of the demonstr. ber, that, =such, cf. folchergestalt, 31, 18; Gestalt, figure, form, fashion), in such fashion, to such extent, 'so.'

26. entscheiden mochte. mögen here in its original but now almost disused meaning (seen in the derivative Macht, might),=vermögen, to be able, can, so again 20, 8; 63, 24, n.

29. und hatte er sie vorher...(= =wenn er sie vorher...hatte, cf. 4, 20, n.), sv schalt er jegt..., and if before he had only..., now he.... This mode of expressing antithesis or contrast, though not unfamiliar in English, is so much more frequently used in German as to render a wider range of expression ('while' instead of 'if'; the simple placing of the two state