128 INDRA-PRAMATI—JĀBĀLI. tioned a few times in the Rig-veda, and is said to be the most fortunate of females, "for her husband shall never die of old age." The Taittiriya Brahmana states that Indra chose her for his wife from a number of competing goddesses, because she surpassed them all in voluptuous attractions. In the Rāmāyana and Purānas she appears as the daughter of the Daitya Puloman, from whom she has the patronymic Paulomi. She was ravished by Indra, who killed her father to escape his curse. According to the Maha-bharata, King Nahusha became enamoured of her, and she escaped from him with difficulty. Indrānī has never been held in very high esteem as a goddess. INDRA-PRAMATI. An early teacher of the Rig-veda, who received one Sanhita direct from Paila. INDRA-PRASTHA. The capital city of the Pandu princes. The name is still known, and is used for a part of the city of Delhi. INDRA-SENA (mas.), INDRA-SENĀ (fem.). Names of the son and daughter of Nala and Damayanti. INDU. The moon. See Soma. INDU-MATI Sister of Bhoja, king of Vidarbha, who chose Prince Aja for her husband at her swayam-vara. She was killed by Narada's garland falling upon her while asleep in an arbour. INDU-MANI. The moon gem. See Chandra-kanta. IRĀVAT. A son of Arjuna by his Nāga wife Ulupi. The river Ravi or Hydraotes. ISA. Lord.' A title of Siva. Name of a Upanishad (q.v.) which has been translated by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica. ĪSĀNA. A name of Siva or Rudra, or of one of his manifestations. (See Rudra.) He is guardian of the north-east quarter. ISHTI-PASAS. 'Stealers of offerings.' Rakshasas and other enemies of the gods, who steal the oblations. ISWARA. Lord.' A title given to Siva. ISWARA KRISHNA. Author of the philosophical treatise ITIHĀSAS. Legendary poems. Heroic history. "Stories called Sankhya Kārika. like those of Urvasi and Pururavas." The term is especially applied to the Maha-bharata. JĀBĀLI, JĀVĀLI. A Brahman who was priest of King JAGAD-DHATRI—JAHNU. 129 Dasa-ratha, and held sceptical philosophical opinions. He is represented in the Rāmāyaṇa as enforcing his views upon Rāma, who decidedly repudiated them. Thereupon he asserted that his atheistical arguments had been used only for a purpose, and that he was really imbued with sentiments of piety and religion. He is said to have been a logician, so probably he belonged to the Nyaya school. JAGAD-DHĀTRĪ (DHĀTĀ). 'Sustainer of the world.' An epithet given to both Saraswati and Durgā. JAGAN-MATRI (MĀTĀ). Mother of the world.' One of the names of Siva's wife. See Devi. JAGAN-NĀTHA. 'Lord of the world.' A particular form of Vishnu, or rather of Krishna. He is worshipped in Bengal and other parts of India, but Puri, near the town of Cuttack, in Orissa, is the great seat of his worship, and multitudes of pilgrims resort thither from all parts, especially to the two great festivals of the Snana-yatra and Ratha-yatra, in the months of Jyaishtha and Ashadha. The first of these is when the image is bathed, and in the second, or car festival, the image is brought out upon a car with the images of his brother Bala-rama and sister Su-bhadra, and is drawn by the devotees. The legend of the origin of Jagan-natha is peculiar. Krishna was killed by a hunter, and his body was left to rot under a tree, but some pious persons found the bones and placed them in a box. A devout king named Indra-dyumna was directed by Vishnu to form an image of Jagan-natha and to place the bones of Krishna inside it. Viswa-karma, the architect of the gods, undertook to make the image, on condition of being left quite undisturbed till the work was complete. After fifteen days the king was impatient and went to Viswa-karma, who was angry, and left off work before he had made either hands or feet, so that the image has only stumps. Indra-dyumna prayed to Brahmā, who promised to make the image famous, and he did so by giving to it eyes and a soul, and by acting as high priest at its consecration. JAHNAVI. The Ganges. See Jahnu. JAHNU. A sage descended from Pururavas. He was disturbed in his devotions by the passage of the river Ganga, and consequently drank up its waters. He afterwards relented, and allowed the stream to issue from his ear, hence Ganga is called Jahnavi, daughter of Jahnu. See Gangā. 130 JAIMINI. JAIMINI-JAMAD-AGNI. A celebrated sage, a disciple of Vyasa. He is said to have received the Sama-veda from his master, and to have been its publisher or teacher. He was also the founder of the Purva-mimansã philosophy. The text of Jaimini is printed in the Bibliotheca Indica. JAIMINIYA-NYĀYA-MĀLA -VISTARA. A work on philosophy by Madhava. It has been edited by Goldstücker and Cowell. JĀJALI. A Brahman mentioned in the Mahā-bhārata as having by ascetism acquired a supernatural power of locomotion, of which he was so proud that he deemed himself perfect in virtue and superior to all men. A voice from the sky told him that he was inferior to Tuladhāra, a Vaisya and a trader. He went to this Tuladhāra and learnt wisdom from him. JALA-RUPA. The fish or the Makara on the banner of Kāma. JALA-SAYIN. Sleeping on the waters.' An appellation of Vishnu, as he is supposed to sleep upon his serpent couch on the waters during the rainy season, or during the submersion of the world. He JAMAD-AGNI. A Brahman and a descendant of Bhrigu. He was the son of Richika and Satya-vati, and was the father of five sons, the youngest and most renowned of whom was Parasu-rāma. Jamad-agni's mother, Satya-vati, was daughter of King Gadhi, a Kshatriya. The Vishnu Purana relates that when Satya-vati was pregnant, her Brahman husband, Richika, prepared a mess for her to eat for the purpose of securing that her son should be born with the qualities of a Brahman. also gave another mess to her mother that she might bear a son with the character of a warrior. The women changed the messes, and so Jamad-agni, the son of Richika, was born as a warrior-Brahman, and Viswamitra, son of the Kshatriya Gādhi, was born as a priest. The Maha-bharata relates that Jamadagni engaged deeply in study and "obtained entire possession of the Vedas." He went to King Renu or Prasena-jit of the Solar race and demanded of him his daughter Renuka. The king gave her to him, and he retired with her to his hermitage, where the princess shared in his ascetic life. She bore him five sons, Rumanwat, Sushena, Vasu, Viswavasu, and Parasu-rāma, and she was exact in the performance of all her duties. One JAMAD-AGNI-JAMBAVAT. 131 day she went out to bathe and beheld a loving pair sporting and dallying in the water. Their pleasure made her feel envious, so she was "defiled by unworthy thoughts, and returned wetted but not purified by the stream." Her husband beheld her "fallen from perfection and shorn of the lustre of her sanctity." So he reproved her and was exceeding wroth. His sons came into the hermitage in the order of their birth, and he commanded each of them in succession to kill his mother. Influenced by natural affection, four of them held their peace and did nothing. Their father cursed them and they became idiots bereft of all understanding. When Parasu-rama entered, he obeyed his father's order and struck off his mother's head with his axe. The deed assuaged the father's anger, and he desired his son to make a request. Parasu-rāma begged that his mother might be restored to life in purity, and that his brothers might regain their natural condition. All this the father granted. The mighty Karta-virya, king of the Haihayas, who had a thousand arms, paid a visit to the hermitage of Jamad-agni. The sage and his sons were out, but his wife treated her guest with all proper respect. Unmindful of the hospitality he had received, Karta-virya threw down the trees round the hermitage, and carried of the calf of the sacred cow, Surabhi, which Jamad-agni had acquired by penance. Parasu-rāma returned and discovered what had happened, he then pursued Kartavirya, cut off his thousand arms with arrows, and killed him. The sons of Karta-virya went in revenge to the hermitage of Jamad-agni, and in the absence of Parasu-rāma slew the pious sage without pity. When Parasu-rama found the lifeless body of his father, he laid it on a funeral pile, and vowed that he would extirpate the whole Kshatriya race. He slew all the sons of Karta-virya, and "thrice seven times " he cleared the earth of the Kshatriya caste. JAMADAGNYA. The patronymic of Parasu-rāma. JĀMBAVAT. King of the bears. A celebrated gem called Syamantaka had been given by the Sun to Satra-jit. He, fearing that Krishna would take it from him, gave it to his brother, Prasena. One property of this jewel was to protect its wearer when good, to ruin him when bad. Prasena was wicked and was killed by a lion, which was carrying off the gem in its mouth, when he was encountered and slain by Jambavat. After Pra 132 JAMBAVATI JANAKA. sena's disappearance, Krishna was suspected of having killed him for the sake of the jewel. Krishna with a large party tracked the steps of Prasena, till it was ascertained that he had been killed by a lion, and that the lion had been killed by a bear. Krishna then tracked the bear, Jambavat, into his cavern, and a great fight ensued between them. After waiting outside seven or eight days, Krishna's followers went home and performed his funeral ceremonies. On the twenty-first day of the fight, Jambavat submitted to his adversary, gave up the gem, and presented to him his daughter, Jambavati, as an offering suitable to a guest. Jambavat with his army of bears aided Rāma in his invasion of Lankā, and always acted the part. of a sage counsellor. JĀMBAVATI. Daughter of Jambavat, king of the bears, wife of Krishna, and mother of Samba. JAMBHA. Name of several demons, Of one who fought against the gods and was slain by Indra, who for this deed was called Jambha-bhedin. Also of one who fought against Arjuna and was killed by Krishna. seven islands or continents The great mountain, Meru, JAMBU-DWIPA. One of the of which the world is made up. stands in its centre, and Bhārata-varsha or India is its best part. Its varshas or divisions are nine in number :-(1.) Bhārata, south of the Himalayas and southernmost of all. (2.) Kim-purusha. (3.) Hari-varsha. (4.) Пlā-vrita, containing Meru. (5.) Ramyaka. (6.) Hiran-maya. (7.) Uttara-Kuru, each to the north of the preceding one. (8.) Bhadraswa and (9.) Ketu-māla lie respectively to the east and west of Ila-vrita, the central region. JAMBU-MĀLI. A Rakshasa general of Rāvana. He was killed by Hanumān. When JANAKA. 1. King of Mithila, of the Solar race. Nimi, his predecessor, died without leaving a successor, the sages subjected the body of Nimi to attrition, and produced from it a prince "who was called Janaka, from being born without a progenitor." He was the first Janaka, and twenty generations earlier than Janaka the father of Sita. 2. King of Videha and father of Sita, remarkable for his great knowledge and good works and sanctity. He is called Sira-dhwaja, 'he of the plough banner,' because his daughter Sitā sprang up ready formed from the furrow when he was |