KARUSHAS-KATHAKA.

153 Мачта

KĀRUSHAS. A people of Malwa, inhabiting the back of the Vindhya mountains. They are said to be descended from Karusha, one of the sons of the Manu Vaivaswata.

KĀSĪ. Benares.

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KĀSĪ KHANDA. A long poem, forming a part of the Skanda Purāna. It gives a very minute description of the RAN temples of Siva in and around Benares, and is presumably anterior to the Mahomedan conquest. See Skanda Purāna.

KASYAPA. A Vedic sage to whom some hymns are attributed. All authorities agree in assigning to him a large part in the work of creation. According to the Maha-bharata, the Rāmāyaṇa, and the Puranas, he was the son of Marichi, the son of Brahma, and he was father of Vivaswat, the father of Manu, the progenitor of mankind. The Satapatha Brahmana gives a different and not very intelligible account of his origin thus:-"Having assumed the form of a tortoise, Prajapati created offspring. That which he created he made (akarot); hence the word kurma (tortoise). Kasyapa means tortoise; hence men say, 'All creatures are descendants of Kasyapa.' This tortoise is the same as Aditya." The Atharva-veda says, "The self-born Kasyapa sprang from Time," and Time is often identical with Vishnu. The Maha-bhārata and later authorities agree in representing that Kasyapa married Aditi and twelve other daughters of Daksha. Upon Aditi he begat the Adityas, headed by Indra, and also Vivaswat, and "to Vivaswat was born the wise and mighty Manu." The Rāmāyana and Vishnu Purana also state that "Vishnu was born as a dwarf, the son of Aditi and Kasyapa." By his other twelve wives he had a numerous and very diversified offspring: demons, nagas, reptiles, birds, and all kinds of living things. He was thus the father of all, and as such is sometimes called Prajapati. He is one of the seven great Rishis, and he appears as the priest of Parasu-rama and Rama-chandra. KĀ-TANTRA. A Sanskrit grammar by Sarva-varman. Edited by Eggeling for the Bibliotheca Indica.

KATA-PRÜ. 'Worm.' A class of beings similar to or identical with the Vidya-dharas.

KATHA. Name of a Upanishad (q.v.). It has been translated by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica.

КАТНАКА. A school or recension of the Yajurveda,

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KATHARNAVA-KAUSALYA.

occupying a position between the Black and the White. It is

supposed to be lost. KATHARNAVA.

'Sea of stories.'

'Sea of stories.' A compilation of miscellaneous stories in four books; the first two are the originals of the Hindi Baitāl Pachīsī and Singhāsan Battīsī.

KATHA-SARIT-SĀGARA. 'The ocean of the rivers of stories.' A collection of popular stories by Soma-deva-bhatta of Kashmir, made about the beginning of the twelfth century A.D. It is drawn from a larger work called Brihat-katha. Thet ext has been printed and in part translated by Brockhaus.

KATYAYANA. An ancient writer of great celebrity, who came after Panini, whose grammar he completed and corrected in what he called Varttikas, supplementary rules and annotations.' He is generally identified with Vararuchi, the author of the Prakrita Prakāsa. Max Müller places him in the second half of the fourth century B.C.; Goldstücker in the first half of the second century B.C.; Weber about twenty-five years B. C. Besides his additions to Panini's Grammar, he was the author of the Srauta-sutras which bear his name, and of the Yajur-veda Prātisākhya. His Sūtras have been edited by Weber. A story in the Katha-sarit-sagara makes him the incarnation of a demigod named Pushpa-danta. A Katyayana was author also of a Dharma-sastra.

KATYAYANĪ A name of Durgā. See Devi.

KAUMĀRA. The creation of the Kumāras (q.v.).

KAUMODAKI. The mace of Krishna, presented to him by Agni when engaged with him in fighting against Indra and burning the Khandava forest.

He

KAUNDINYA. An ancient sage and grammarian. offended Siva, but was saved from that god's wrath by Vishnu : he was hence called Vishnu-gupta, 'saved by Vishnu.'

KAUNTEYA. Son of Kunti. A metronymic applicable to Yudhi-shthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, but commonly applied to Arjuna.

KAURAVAS. Descendants of Kuru. A patronymic especially applied to the sons of Dhrita-rashtra. See Maha-bhārata.

KAUSALYA (mas.), KAUSALYA (fem.). Belonging to the Kosala nation. There are several women known by this name. The wife of Puru and mother of Janamejaya. The wife of Dasa-ratha and mother of Rama. (See Dasa-ratha.) The

KAUSAMBI-KAVASHA.

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mother of Dhrita-rashtra and the mother of Pandu both were known by this name, being daughters of a king of Kāsī.

KAUSĀMBĪ. The capital of Vatsa, near the junction of the Ganges and Jumna. An inscription found at Karra on the Ganges mentions that place as being situated in Kausām bi-mandala, the circle of Kausambi; but General Cunningham identifies the place with the village of Kosam, said to be still called Kosambinagar on the Jumna, about thirty miles above Allahabad. It is the scene of the drama Ratnāvalī.

KAUSHITAKĪ. 1. A sākhā of the Rig-veda. 2. (Kaushitaki) the name of a Brahmana, an Aranyaka, and a Upanishad. (See those terms.) The Brahmana has been published with a translation by Professor Cowell in the Bibliotheca Indica.

KAUSIKA. A devotee mentioned in the Maha-bhārata as having gone to a hell of torment for having pointed out to robbers a road by which they pursued and killed some persons who fled from them.

KAUSIKAS. Descendants of Kusika (q.v.). In one of the hymns of the Rig the epithet is given to Indra.

KAUSIKI. The river Kosi in Bihar, but there were more rivers than one bearing this name. Satyavati, mother of Jamadagni is said to have been changed into a river of this name.

KAUSTUBHA. A celebrated jewel obtained at the churning of the ocean, and worn by Vishnu or Krishna on his bosom. KAUTILYA. Another name of Chanakya, the minister of Chandra-gupta. See Chanakya.

KAUTSA. A rationalistic philosopher, who lived before the days of Yaska the author of the Nirukta. He regarded "the Veda as devoid of meaning, and the Brahmanas as false interpretations." Yaska replied to his objections.

KAUTUKA-SARVASWA.

A modern farce, in two acts, by a Pandit named Gopi-natha. "It is a satire upon princes who addict themselves to idleness and sensuality, and fail to patronise the Brahmans."-Wilson.

KAVASHA, KAVASHA-AILŪSHA. Son of Ilusha by a slave girl. He was author of several hymns in the tenth book of the Rig-veda. The Aitareya Brahmana relates that the Rishis were performing a sacrifice on the banks of the Saraswati, and that Kavasha was with them; but they drove him from among them because he was the son of a slave, and therefore unworthy

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KAVI-RAJA-KESI-DHWAJA.

to drink the water of the Saraswati. When he was alone in the desert, a prayer was revealed to him by which he prevailed over the Saraswati, and its waters came and surrounded him. The Rishis saw this, and knowing that it was by the special favour of the gods, they admitted him to their society.

KAVI-RĀJA. Author of a poem of studied ambiguity called Raghava-Pandaviyam (q.v.).

KAVYA-DARSA. 'Mirror of poetry.' A work on the Ars Poetica by Sri Dandi. It has been printed in the Bibliotheca Indica.

KĀVYA-PRAKĀSA. A work on poetry and rhetoric by Mammata Bhatta of Kashmir. It has been printed at Calcutta. KAVYAS, KĀVYAS. A class of Pitris; according to some they are the Manes of men of the third caste.

KÄYAVYA. The son of a Kshatriya by a Nishāda female, who is related in the Mahā-bhārata to have risen by virtue, knowledge, and devotion from the state of a Dasyu to perfection.

KEDĀRESA, KEDĀRA-NĀTHA. A name of Siva. Name of one of the twelve great Lingas. It is a shapeless mass of stone at Kedara-natha in the Himalayas. See Linga.

KEKAYA. See Kaikeya.

KELI-KILA.

A demigod attendant upon Siva. KENA, KENOPANISHAD. Name of a Upanishad (q.v.) translated by Dr. Roer for the Bibliotheca Indica.

KERAKAS. One-footed men who live in forests, according

to the Maha-bhārata.

KERALA. The country of Malabar proper on the western coast. KESAVA. Having much or fine hair.' A name of Vishnu or Krishna.

KESİ, KESIN. In the Maha-bharata, a demon who fought with and was defeated by Indra. In the Purānas, a Daitya who took the form of a horse and attacked Krishna, but was killed by that hero's thrusting his arm into his jaws and rending him asunder.

KESINI. Wife of Visravas and mother of Ravana; also called Kaikasi.

KESI-DHWAJA. Son of Krita-dhwaja. Kesi-dhwaja "was endowed with spiritual knowledge," and he had a cousin, Khāndikya, who " was diligent in the way of works and was renowned for religious rites." There was contention and hostilities be

KETU-KHATWANGA.

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tween them, and Khāndikya was driven from his dominions. But they subsequently became useful to each other and friendly. Khandikya by his practical religion enabled Kesi-dhwaja to make atonement for the killing of a cow, and Kesi-dhwaja initiated Khāndikya in the mysteries of spiritual meditation (yoga).

KETU. The descending node in astronomy, represented by a dragon's tail; also a comet or meteor, and the ninth of the planets. He is said to be a Dānava, and son of Viprachitti and Sinhikā. He is also called A-kacha, 'hairless ;' Aslesha-bhava, 'cut off;' Munda, bald.' See Rahu.

KHĀNDAVA, KHÄNDAVA-PRASTHA. A forest and country on the banks of the Yamuna, which the Pandavas received as their moiety when Dhrita-rashtra divided his kingdom. In it they built the city of Indra-prastha and made it their capital. The forest was consumed with fire by the god Agni assisted by Krishna and Arjuna.

KHÄNDIKYA. See Kesi-dhwaja.

KHARA. A man-eating Rakshasa, the younger brother of Ravana. He was killed by Rama-chandra.

KHARVA. A dwarf. See Valakhilya.

KHASA. A daughter of Daksha, wife of Kasyapa, and mother of the Yakshas and Rākshasas, called after her Khasatmajas.

KHASAS, KHASĀKAS, KHASĪKAS.

An outlying or

border people classed with the Sakas and other northern tribes. Professor Wilson thought that traces of them might be sought among the barbarous tribes on the north-east of Bengal, the Khasiyas.

KHATWANGA (also called Dilipa). 1. A prince of the Solar race. In a battle between the gods and the demons he rendered great assistance to the former, who desired him to ask a boon. He begged that he might know the duration of his life, and the answer was, "Only an hour." He hastened to the world of mortals, and by earnest prayer he became united with the supreme being, Vishnu. "Like unto Khatwanga will there be no one upon earth, who, having come from heaven and dwelt an hour amongst men, became united with the three worlds by his liberality and knowledge of truth."-V. P. 2. A club; the club of Siva; it is also called Khinkhira and Pānsula.