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SANDHYA-BALA-SANJNA.

SANDHYA-BALA. Strong in twilight.' Rakshasas and other demons, supposed to be most powerful at twilight.

SANDILYA, A descendant of Sandila. A particular sage who was connected with the Chhandogya Upanishad; one who wrote a book of Sutras, one who wrote upon law, and one who was the author of the Bhāgavata heresy: two or more of these may be one and the same person. The Sutras or aphorisms have been published in the Bibliotheca Indica.

SÄNDĪPANI. A master-at-arms who gave instruction to Bala-rama and Krishna.

SANDRACOTTUS. See Chandra-gupta.

SANGITA-RATNĀKARA. A work on singing, dancing, and pantomime, written by Sarngi Deva.

SANHITA. That portion of a Veda which comprises the hymns. See Veda.

SANHITOPANISHAD.

The eighth Brahmana of the Samaveda. The text with a commentary has been published by Burnell.

SANI. The planet Saturn. The regent of that planet, represented as a black man in black garments. Sani was a son of the sun and Chhaya, but another statement is that he was the offspring of Bala-rama and Revati. He is also known as Āra, Kona, and Kroda (cf. Kgóvos), and by the patronymic Saura. His influence is evil, hence he is called Krūra-dris and Krūra-lochana, 'the evil-eyed one.' He is also Manda, 'the slow;' Pangu, 'the lame;' Sanais-chara, slow-moving;' Saptarchi, seven-rayed ;' and Asita, the dark.'

He was

SANJAYA. 1. The charioteer of Dhrita-rashtra. minister also, and went as ambassador to the Pandavas before the great war broke out. He is represented as reciting to Dhritarashtra the Bhagavad-gītā. His patronymic is Gavalgani, son of Gavalgana. 2. A king of Ujjayini and father of Vasava-dattā. SANJNĀ. 'Conscience.' According to the Puranas, she was daughter of Viswa-karma and wife of the sun. She had three children by him, the Manu Vaivaswata, Yama, and Yami (goddess of the Yamuna river). "Unable to endure the fervours of her lord, Sanjna gave him Chhaya (shade) as his handmaid, and repaired to the forests to practise devout exercises." The sun beheld her engaged in austerities in the form of a mare, and he approached her as a horse. Hence sprang the

SANKARA-SANKHA.

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two Aswins and Revanta. Surya then took Sanjna back to his own dwelling, but his effulgence was still so overpowering, that her father, Viswa-karma, placed the sun upon his lathe, and cut away an eighth part of his brilliancy. She is also call Dyumayī, 'the brilliant,' and Maha-virya, 'the very powerful.'

SANKARA. 'Auspicious.' A name of Siva in his creative character or as chief of the Rudras.

SANKARACHARYA (Sankara + acharya). The great religious reformer and teacher of the Vedanta philosophy, who lived in the eighth or ninth century. He was a native of Kerala or Malabar, and lived a very erratic life, disputing with heretics and popularising the Vedanta philosophy by his preaching and writings wherever he went. His travels extended as far as Kashmir, and he died at Kedaranath in the Himalayas at the early age of thirty-two. His learning and sanctity were held in such high estimation and reverence, that he was looked upon as an incarnation of Siva, and was believed to have the power of working miracles. The god Siva was the special object of his worship, and he was the founder of the great sect of Smartava Brahmans, who are very numerous and powerful in the south. He established several maths or monasteries for the teaching and preservation of his doctrines. Some of these still remain. The chief one is at Sringa-giri or Sringiri, on the edge of the Western Ghauts in the Mysore, and it has the supreme control of the Smartava sect. The writings attributed to him are very numerous; chief among them are his Bhashyas or commentaries on the Sutras or aphorisms of Vyasa, a commentary on the Bhagavad-gītā, some commentaries on the Upanishads, and the Ananda-laharī, a hymn in praise of Parvati, the consort of Siva.

SANKARA-VIJAYA. The triumph of Sankara.' A biography of Sankaracharya relating his controversies with heretical sects and his refutation of their doctrines and superstitions. There is more than one work bearing this name; one by Ananda Giri, which is published in the Bibliotheca Indica; another by Mādhavāchārya; the latter is distinguished as the Sankshepa Sankara-vijaya. The work of Ananda Giri has been critically examined by Kashinath Trimbak Telang in the Indian Antiquary, vol. v.

SANKARSHANA. A name of Bala-rāma.

SANKHA. Writer of a Dharma-sastra or law-book bearing

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his name.

SANKHAYANA-SAPTA-SATI.

He is often coupled with Likhita, and the two seem

to have worked together. SANKHAYANA. 1. Name of a writer who was the author of the Sankhayana Brahmana of the Rig-veda, and of certain Srauta-sutras also called by his name. 2. He is the oldest known writer on the Ars Erotica, and is author of the work called Sankhayana Kāma-sūtra.

SANKHYA. A school of philosophy. See Darsana.

SANKHYA-DARSANA.

Kapila's aphorisms on the San

khya philosophy. They have been printed.

SANKHYA-KĀRIKĀ.

A work on the Sankhya philosophy, written by Iswara Krishna; translated by Colebrooke

and Wilson.

SANKHIYA-PRAVACHANA. A text-book of the Sankhya philosophy, said to have been written by Kapila himself. Printed in the Bibliotheca Indica.

SANKHYA-SĀRA. A work on the Sankhya philosophy by Vijnana Bhikshu. Edited by Hall in the Bibliotheca Indica.

SANNYĀSĪ. A Brahman in the fourth and last stage of his religious life. (See Brahman.) In the present day the term has a wider meaning, and is applied to various kinds of religious mendicants who wander about and subsist upon alms, most of them in a filthy condition and with very scanty clothing. They are generally devotees of Siva.

SANTA. Daughter of Dasa-ratha, son of Aja, but adopted by Loma-pada or Roma-pada, king of Anga. She was married to Rishya-sringa.

SĀNTANU. A king of the Lunar race, son of Pratipa, father of Bhishma, and in a way the grandfather of Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Regarding him it is said, "Every decrepit man whom he touches with his hands becomes young." (See Maha-bharata.) He was called Satya-vach, 'truth-speaker,' and was remarkable for his "devotion and charity, modesty, constancy, and resolution."

SANTI-SATAKA. A century of verses on peace of mind. A poem of repute writen by Sri Sihlana.

SAPTARSHI (Sapta-rishi). The seven great Rishis. See

Rishi.

SAPTA-SATI. A poem of 700 verses on the triumphs of Durga. It is also called Devi-māhātmya.

SAPTA-SINDHAVA.

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SAPTA-SINDHAVA.

'The seven rivers.' The term fre

quently occurs in the Vedas, and has been widely known and somewhat differently applied. It was apparently known to the Romans in the days of Augustus, for Virgil says—

"Ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus

Per tacitum Ganges."-Eneid, ix. 30.

They appear in Zend as the Hapta-heando, and the early Muhammadan travellers have translated the term. But their Saba' Sin, 'seven rivers,' according to Birūni, applies to the rivers which flow northwards from the mountains of the Hindu Koh, and "uniting near Turmuz, form the river of Balkh (the Oxus)." The hymn in which the names of the rivers have been given has the following description:-"Each set of seven (streams) has followed a threefold course. The Sindhu surpasses the other rivers in impetuosity. Receive favourably this my hymn, O Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sutudri, Parushni; hear, O Marud-vridha, with the Asikni and Vitastā, and thou, Ārjikiyā, with the Sushoma. Unite first in thy course with the Trishṭāmā, the Susartu, the Rasa, and the Sweti; thou meetest with the Gomati, and the Krumu with the Kubha and the Mehatnu.” According to this, the "seven rivers " are-(1.) Ganga (Ganges); (2.) Yamuna (Jumna); (3.) Saraswati (Sarsuti); (4) Sutudri (Satlej); (5.) Parushni; (6.) Marud-vridha; (7.) Arjikiyā (the Vipāsā, Hyphasis Byas). Wilson says "the Parushni is identified with the Irāvatī " (Hydraotes, Rāvi), but in this hymn it is the Marud-vridha which would seem to be the Irāvati, because it is said to unite with the Asikni (Akesines, Chandrabhāga, Chinab) and the Vitasta (Hydaspes or Jhilam). This would leave the Parushni unsettled. The other names, with the exception of the Gomati (Gūmti), are not identified. Sushoma has been said to be the Sindhu, but in this hymn the Sindhu is clearly distinct. In the Maha-bharata the seven rivers are named in one place Vaswokasārā, Nalini, Pavani, Gangā, Sītā, Sindhu, and Jambu-nadi; and in another, Ganga, Yamuna, Plakshaga, Rathastha, Saryu (Sarju), Gomati, and Gandaki (Gandak). In the Rāmāyana and the Puranas the seven rivers are the seven streams into which the Ganges divided after falling from the brow of Siva, the Nalini, Hladinī, and Pāvanī going east, the Chakshu, Sita, and Sindhu to the west, while the Ganges proper,

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SAPTA-VADHRI—SĀRAMEYAS.

the Bhagirathi, flowed to the south. The term is also used for the seven great oceans of the world, and for the country of the seven rivers.

SAPTA-VADHRI. A Vedic Rishi. In a hymn he says, "Aswins, by your devices sunder the wickerwork for the liberation of the terrified, imploring Rishi Sapta-vadhri." Concerning this the following old story is told. Sapta-vadhri had seven brothers who determined to prevent his having intercourse with his wife. So they shut him up every night in a large basket, which they locked and sealed, and in the morning they let him out. He prayed to the Aswins, who enabled him to get out of his cage during the night and to return to it at daybreak.

SARABHA. 1. A fabulous animal represented as having eight legs and as dwelling in the Himalayas. It is called also Utpadaka and Kunjarārāti. 2. One of Rama's monkey allies.

SARA-BHANGA. A hermit visited by Rāma and Sītā in the Dandaka forest. When he had seen Rāma he declared that his desire had been granted, and that he would depart to the highest heaven. He prepared a fire and entered it. His body was consumed, but there came forth from the fire a beautiful youth, and in this form Sara-bhanga departed to heaven.

2.

SÄRADA-TILAKA. 1. A mystic poem by Lakshmana. A dramatic monologue by Sankara, not earlier than the twelfth century. 3. Name of a Tantra.

SARADWAT. A Rishi said to be the father of Kripa. He is also called Gautama. See Kripā.

SARAMĀ. 1. In the Rig-veda the dog of Indra and mother of the two dogs called, after their mother, Sarameyas, who each had four eyes, and were the watchdogs of Yama. Saramā is said to have pursued and recovered the cows stolen by the Panis, a myth which has been supposed to mean that Saramā is the same as Ushas, the dawn, and that the cows represent the rays of the sun carried away by night. 2. The wife of Vibhishana, who attended upon Sītā, and showed her great kindness when she was in captivity with Ravana. 3. In the Bhāgavata Purana, Sarama is one of the daughters of Daksha, and the mother of wild animals.

SĀRAMEYAS.

The two children of Sarama, Indra's watchdog; they were the watchdogs of Yama, and each had four eyes. They have been compared with the Greek Hermes.