Ionia, without rendering the great island of
Sardinia' tributary to your power."

CVII. Histiæus made these protestations to delude Darius. The king was influenced by what he said, only requiring his return to Susa as soon as he should have fulfilled his engage

ments.

CX. When the Persians were drawn up before Salamis, the Cyprian commanders placed the forces of Cyprus against the auxiliaries of the enemy, selecting the flower of Salamis and Soli to oppose the Persians: Onesilus voluntarily stationed himself against Artybius the Persian general.

CXI. Artybius was mounted on a charger, which had been taught to face a man in complete armour: Onesilus hearing this, called to him his shield-bearer, who was a Carian of great military experience, and of undaunted courage : -"I hear," says he, " that the horse of Arty

his master against an adversary; deliberate on this, and tell me which you will encounter, the man or the horse." "Sir," said the attendant, "I am ready to engage with either, or both, or indeed to do whatever you command me; I should rather think it will be more consistent for you, being a prince and a general, to contend with one who is a prince and a general also.— If you should fortunately kill a person of this description, you will acquire great glory, or if you should fall by his hand, which heaven avert, the calamity is somewhat softened by the rank of the conqueror: it is for us of inferior rank to oppose men like ourselves. As to the horse, do not concern yourself about what he has been taught; I will venture to say, that he shall never again be troublesome to any one."

CVIII. In this interval, when the messenger from Sardis had informed Darius of the fate of that city, and the king had done with his bow what we have described; and when, after conferring with Histiæus, he had dismissed him to Ionia, the following incident occurred: Onesilus of Salamis being engaged in the siege of Ama-bius, by his feet and his teeth, materially assists thus, word was brought him that Artybius, a Persian officer, was on his way to Cyprus with a large fleet, and a formidable body of Persians. On hearing this, Onesilus sent messengers to different parts of Ionia, expressing his want and desire of assistance. The Ionians, without hesitation, hastened to join him with a numerous fleet. Whilst they were already at Cyprus the Persians had passed over from Cilicia, and were proceeding by land to Salamis. The Phenicians in the mean time had passed the promontory which is called the Key of Cyprus. CIX. Whilst things were in this situation, the princes of Cyprus assembled the Ionian chiefs, and thus addressed them :-" Men of Ionia, we submit to your own determination, whether you will engage the Phenicians or the Persians. If you rather choose to fight on land and with the Persians, it is time for you to diseinbark, that we may go on board your vessels, | and attack the Phenicians. If you think it more advisable to encounter the Phenicians, it becomes you to do so immediately. Decide which way you please, that as far as our efforts can prevail, Ionia and Cyprus may be free." "We have been commissioned," answered the Ionians, "by our country, to guard the ocean, not to deliver our vessels unto you, nor to engage the Persians by land. We will endeavour to discharge our duty in the station appointed us; it is for you to distinguish yourselves as valiant men, remembering the oppressions you have endured from the Medes."

1 Sardinia.]—It has been doubted by many, whether

on account of the vast distance of Sardinia from the

Asiatic continent, the text of Herodotus has not here been altered. Rollin in particular is very incredulous on the subject; but as it appears by the preceding passages of our author, that the Ionians had penetrated to the extremities of the Mediterranean, and were not unacquainted with Corsica, all appearance of improbability in this narration ceases.-T

CXII. In a short time afterwards, the hostile forces engaged both by sea and land; the Ionians, after a severe contest, obtained a vietory over the Phenicians, in which the bravery of the Samians was remarkably conspicuousWhilst the armies were engaged by land, the following incident happened to the two generals: -Artybius, mounted on his horse, rushed against Onesilus, who, as he had concerted with his servant, aimed a blow at him as be approached and whilst the horse reared up his feet against the shield of Onesilus, the Carian cut them off with an axe.-The horse, with his master, fell instantly to the ground.

CXIII. In the midst of the battle, Stesenor, prince of Curium, with a considerable body of forces, went over to the enemy (it is said that the Curians are an Argive colony); their example was followed by the men of Salamis, in their chariots of war;' from which events the

2 Chariots of war.]-Of these chariots, frequent mention is made in Homer: they carried two men, one of whom guided the reins, the other fought-Various speci mens of ancient chariots may be seen in Montfaucon.-T.

Persians obtained a decisive victory. The | From this latter place he proceeded to Parion, Cyprians fled. Among the number of the slain but learning on his march, that the Carians, was Onesilus, son of Chersis, and principal in- taking part with the Ionians, had revolted from stigator of the revolt; the Solian prince Aris- Persia, he turned aside from the Hellespont, tocyprus, also fell, son of that Philocyprus, and led his forces against Caria. whom Solon of Athens, when at Cyprus, celebrated in verse amongst other sovereign princes. CXIV. In revenge for his besieging them, the Amathusians took the head of Onesilus, and carrying it back in triumph, fixed it over their gates: sometime afterwards, when the inside of the head was decayed, a swarm of bees settling in it, filled it with honey. The people of Amathus consulted the oracle on the occasion, and were directed to bury the head, and every year to sacrifice to Onesilus as to an hero. Their obedience involved a promise of future prosperity; and even within my remembrance, they have performed what was required of them. CXV. The Ionians, although successful in the naval engagement off Cyprus, as soon as they heard of the defeat and death of Onesilus, and that all the cities of Cyprus were closely blockaded, except Salamis, which the citizens had restored to Gorgus, their former sovereign, returned with all possible expedition to Ionia. Of all the towns in Cyprus, Soli made the longest and most vigorous defence; but of this, by undermining the place, the Persians obtained possession after a five months' siege.

CXVIII. Of this motion of Daurises the Carians had early information, in consequence of which they assembled at a place called the White Columns, not far from the river Marsyas, which, passing through the district of Hidryas, flows into the Mæander. Various sentiments were on this occasion delivered; but the most sagacious in my estimation was that of Pixodarus, son of Mausolus; he was a native of Cindys, and had married the daughter of Syennesis, prince of Cilicia. He advised, that passing the Mæander, they should attack the enemy, with the river in their rear; that thus deprived of all possibility of retreat, they should from compulsion stand their ground, and make the greater exertions of valour. This advice was not accepted; they chose rather that the Persians should have the Mæander behind them, that if they vanquished the enemy in the field they might afterwards drive them into the river.

CXIX. The Persians advanced, and passed the Mæander; the Carians met them on the banks of the Marsyas, when a severe and well fought contest ensued. The Persians had so greatly the advantage in point of number, that they were finally victorious; two thousand Persians, and ten thousand Carians, fell in the battle; they who escaped from the field fled to Labranda, and took refuge in a sacred wood of

CXVI. Thus the Cyprians, having enjoyed their liberties for the space of a year, were a second time reduced to servitude. All the Ionians who had been engaged in the expedition against Sardis, were afterwards vigorously at-planes, surrounding a temple of Jupiter Stratacked by Daurises, Hymees, Otanes, and other Persian generals, each of whom had married a daughter of Darius: they first drove them to their ships, then took and plundered their towns, which they divided among themselves.

CXVII. Daurises afterwards turned his arms against the cities of the Hellespont, and in as many successive days made himself master of Abydos, Percotes, Lampsacus,' and Pæson.

3 Philocyprus.]—Philocyprus was prince of Soli, when Solon arrived at Cyprus; Soli was then called Epeia, and the approaches to it were steep and difficult, and its neighbourhood unfruitful. Solon advised the prince to rebuild it on the plain which it overlooked, and undertook the labour of furnishing it with inhabitants. In this he succeeded, and Philocyprus, from gratitude, gave his city the name of the Athenian philosopher. Solon mentions this incident in some verses addressed to Philocyprus, preserved in Plutarch-Larcher.

4 Lampsacus.]-This place was given to Themistocles to furnish him wine, and was memorable in antiquity

tius. The Carians are the only people, as far as I have been able to learn, who sacrifice to this Jupiter. Driven to the above extremity, they deliberated among themselves, whether it would be better to surrender themselves to the Persians, or finally to relinquish Asia.

for producing many eminent men.-Epicurus resided here a long time.-T.

5 Jupiter Stratius-(or Jupiter the warrior.)]-The Carians were the only people, in the time of Herodotus, who worshipped Jupiter under this title. He was particularly honoured at Labranda, and therefore Strabo calls him the Labrandinian Jupiter. He held a hatchet in his hand, and Plutarch (in his Greek Questions) relates the reason; he was afterwards worshipped in other places under the same appellation. Amongst the marbles at Oxford, there is a stone which seems to have served for an altar, having an axe, and this inscription; ΔΙΟΣ ΛΑΒΡΑΝΔΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΟΣ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΟΥ Of the Labrandinian Jupiter, and of the very Great Jupiter." It was found in a Turkish cemetery, between Aphrodisias and Hieropolis, and consequently in Caria, though at a great distance from Labranda.—Larcher.

CXX. In the midst of their consultation, volved, betrayed a total want of intrepidity; the Milesians with their allies arrived to rein- these losses confirmed him in the belief, that force them; the Carians resumed their courage, all attempts to overcome Darius would be inand again prepared for hostilities; they a second effectual; he according determined to seek his time advanced to meet the Persians, and after safety in flight. He assembled his party, and an engagement more obstinate than the former, submitted to them whether it would not be adsustained a second defeat, in which a prodigious visable to have some place of retreat, in case number, chiefly of Milesians, were slain. they should be driven from Miletus. He left it to them to determine, whether they should establish a colony in Sardinia, or whether they should retire to Myrcinus, a city of the Edonians, which had been fortified by Histiæus, to whom Darius had presented it.

CXXI. The Carians soon recruited their forces, and in a subsequent action, somewhat repaired their former losses. Receiving intelligence that the Persians were on their march to attack their towns, they placed them selves in ambuscade, in the road to Pidasus. The Persians by night fell into the snare, and a vast number were slain, with their generals Daurises, Amorges, and Sisimaces; Myrses, the son of Gyges, was also of the number.

CXXV. Hecatæus the historian, who was the son of Hegasander, was not for establishing a colony at either of these places; he affirmed, that if they should be expelled from Miletus, it would be more expedient for them to construct a fort in the island of Leros, and there remain till a favourable opportunity should enable them to return to Miletus.

CXXVI. Aristagoras himself was more inclined to retire to Myrcinus; he confided therefore the administration of Miletus to Pythagoras, a man exceedingly popular, and taking with him all those who thought proper to accom

CXXII. The conduct of this ambuscade was intrusted to Heraclides son of Ibanolis, a Mylassian. The event has been related. Hymees, who was engaged amongst others in the pursuit of the Ionians, after the affair of Sardis, turning towards the Propontis, took Cios, a Mysian city. Receiving intelligence that Daurises had quitted the Hellespont, to march against Caria, he left the Propontis, and pro-pany him, he embarked for Thrace, where he ceeded to the Hellespont, where he effectually reduced all the Æolians of the Trojan district; he vanquished also the Gergithæ, a remnant of the ancient Teucri. Hymees himself, after all these successes, died at Troas.

CXXIII. Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, and Otanes, the third in command, received orders to lead their forces to Ionia and Æolia, which is contiguous to it; they made themselves masters of Clazomena in Ionia, and of Cyma, an Æolian city.

CXXIV. After the capture of these places, Aristagoras of Miletus, though the author of all the confusion in which Ionia had been in

took possession of the district which he had in view. Leaving this place, he proceeded to the attack of some other, where both he and his army fell by the hands of the Thracians, who had previously entered into terms to resign their city into his power.'

1 I cannot dismiss this book of Herodotus without remarking, that it contains a great deal of curious history, and abounds with many admirable examples of private life. The speech of Sosicles of Corinth, in favour of

liberty, is excellent in its kind; and the many sagacious,

and indeed moral sentiments, which are scattered

throughout the whole book, cannot fail of producing both entertainment and instruction.-T.

HERODOTUS.

BOOK VI.

ERATO.

I. SUCH was the fate of Aristagoras, the in-state. stigator of the Ionian revolt.-Histiæus of Miletus, as soon as Darius had acquiesced in his departure from Susa, proceeded to Sardis. On his arrival, Artaphernes the governor asked him what he thought could possibly have induced the Ionians to revolt? He expressed himself ignorant of the cause, and astonished at the Artaphernes, however, who had been informed of his preceding artifice, and was sensible of his present dissimulation, observed to him, that the matter might be thus explained: "You," says he, "made the shoe' which Aristagoras has worn."

had previously communicated on the subject of | liberations was, that they should by no means a revolt; these he intrusted to Hermippus, a meet the Persians by land; that the people of native of Atarnis, who abused the confidence Miletus should vigorously defend their city: reposed in him, by delivering the letters into and that the allies should provide and equip the hands of Artaphernes. The governor, after every vessel in their power; that as soon as acquainting himself with their contents, desired their fleet should be in readiness, they should Hermippus to deliver them according to their meet at Lade, and risk a battle in favour of first directions, and then to give to him the Miletus. Lade is a small island immediately answers intended for Histiæus. In consequence opposite to Miletus. of the intelligence which he by these means obtained, Artaphernes put a great number of Persians to death.