pecting these enemies, who came upon him by Chersonese, that the following prodigy hap surprise.
CXVII. Whilst they were prosecuting the siege, the autumn arrived. The Athenians, unable to make themselves masters of the place, and uneasy at being engaged in an expedition so far from their country, entreated their leaders to conduct them home. They, in return, refused to do this, till they should either succeed in their enterprise, or be recalled by the people of Athens, so intent were they on the business before them.
CXVIII. The besieged, who were with Artayctes, were reduced to such extremity of wretchedness, that they were obliged to boil for food, the cords of which their beds were composed. When these also were consumed Artayctes, Eobazus, with some other Persians, fled, under cover of the night, escaping by an avenue behind the town, which happened not to be blockaded by the enemy. When the morning came, the people of the Chersonese made signals to the Athenians from the turrets, and opened to them the gates. The greater part commenced a pursuit of the Persians, the remainder took possession of the
CXIX. Cobazus fled into Thrace; but he was here seized by the Apsinthians, and sacrificed, according to their rites, to their god Pleistorus: his followers were put to death in some other manner. Artayctes and his adherents, who fled the last, were overtaken near the waters of Ægos, where, after a vigorous defence, part were slain and part taken prisoners. The Greeks put them all in chains, Artayctes and his son with the rest, and carried them to Sestos.
CXX. It is reported by the people of the
1 Pleistorus.]—This deity, barbarous as the people by whom he was worshipped, is totally unknown. The sa
crifices offered him induce me to conjecture, that it was the god of war, whom the Scythians represented under the form of a sword. These people, over a large vessel, cut the throat of every hundredth prisoner, wetting the sword with their blood. The same custom prevailed
among the Huns.-See Ammianus Marcellinus, 1. xxxi. c. 2. The Cilicians paid the god of war a worship savage like this; they suspended the victim, whether a man or an animal, from a tree, and going to a small dis
killed it with their spears.-Larcher. Cruel as these customs may appear, yet prevailing among a rude and uncivilized people, they are more to be justified, than the unprovoked and unnatural inhumanity practised at Tauris. Here every stranger,
whom accident or misfortune brought to their coast,
was sacrificed to Diana.-See The Iphigenia in Tauris
pened to one of those whose business was to guard the prisoners. This man was broiling some salt fish; having put them on the fire, they moved and skipped about like fish lately taken; the standers-by expressing their aston- ishment at this, Artayctes, who also beheld the prodigy, sent for the man to whom it had hap- pened, and spoke to him as follows: "My Athenian friend, be not alarmed at this pro- digy, it has no reference to you, it regards me alone. Protesilaus of Eleæos, although dead and embalmed in salt, shows that he has power from the gods to inflict vengeance on the man who injured him. I am therefore disposed to satisfy him for my ransom. In place of the money, which I took from his temple, I will give him a hundred talents; for my son's life, and my own, I will give the Athenians two hundred more." These offers had no effect upon Xanthippus the Athenian general; he was of himself inclined to put the man to death, to which he was farther importuned by the people of Elexos, who were very earnest to have the cause of Protesilaus avenged. Con- ducting him therefore to the shore where the bridge of Xerxes had been constructed, they there crucified him; though some say this was done upon an eminence near the city of Mady- tus. The son was stoned in his father's pre- sence.
CXXI. The Athenians after the above transactions, returned to Greece, carrying with them, besides vast quantities of money, the fragments of the bridge, to be suspended in their temples. During the remainder of the year they continued inactive.
CXXII. Of this Artayctes, who was crucified, the grandfather by the father's side was Artembares, who drew up an address for the Persians, which they approving, presented to Cyrus; it was to this effect: "Since, O Cyrus, Jupiter has given to the Persians, and by the degradation of Astyages to you, uncontrolled dominion, suffer us to remove from our present confined and sterile region to a better. We have the choice of many, near and at a distance; let us occupy one of these, and become exam ples of admiration to the rest of mankind. This is a conduct becoming those whose superiority is conspicuous; we can never have a fairer opportunity of doing this, being at the head of so many people, and masters of all Asia." Cyrus, though he did not approve what they said, told them they might do so:
but he added, that by taking such a step, they | the produce of the same soil. The Persians must learn in future not to command but to yielded to these sentiments of Cyrus and abanobey. It was the operation of nature, that doned their own. They chose rather a less luxurious countries should render men effemi- pleasant country with dominion, than a fairer nate, for delicacies and heroes were seldom one with servitude.
2 Effeminate.]-Hippocrates confirms what is here asserted by Herodotus. After describing the advantages which the temperate parts of Asia possess over Greece; he adds, that the men there are not naturally valiant, and are unwilling to support fatigues and hardships. This sentiment is approved by experience. Greece subdued Asia, the Romans became masters of both those countries, and if they also conquered the Gauls, the Germans, and other nations of the north, it was because these were undisciplined and ignorant of the art of war. When they became so, they in their turn subdued the lords of the world, and dismembered their empire. The Franks vanquished the Gauls, the Lombards, and the Visigoths of Spain. In a word, it is always to be observed, that the people of the north have the advantage over those of the south-Larcher.
The ninth cannot be thought the least interesting of the books of Herodotus. The battles of Platea and Mycale would alone claim attention, without those beautiful moral sentiments which we find every where interspersed in it. The behaviour of Pausanias after his victory, his dignity, moderation, and modesty, are admirably described; his continence, with respect to the mistress of Pharandates, may, for any thing I see to the contrary in either history, well be put on a par with the so much vaunted temperance of Scipio on a similar occasion. The concluding sentiment, which teaches that the dispositions of men should be conformed to the nature of the soil and climate in which they are born, is alike admirable for the simplicity with which it is conveyed, and the philosophic truth which it inculcates.-T.
Abantes, why they cut off their hair before, 46, n. Abaris, story of, 199.
Abdera, many singularities related of, 51, n.-stigmatized by Juvenal, 347, n.
Abderites, Xerxes makes a treaty of friendship with, 410. Abrocomus and Hyperanthes brothers of Xerxes, fall in contending for the body of Leonidas, 376. Abyssinia, lapidation a punishment in, 420, n. Abyssinians, said to eat raw flesh from the living ox, 170, n.
Acanthians presented by Xerxes with a Median vest, 349. Acephali have their eyes in their breasts, 240.
Aces, the river, its passage prevented by the Persians, 176. Achæmenes, son of Darius, 138-is intrusted by Xerxes with the government of Egypt, 323-his advice relative to the Grecian war is pursued by Xerxes, 380-treats the body of Leonidas with barbarity, ib.-is slain by Inarus, 323.
Achelous, a river in Egypt, 70.
Acheron, 391, n.
Egineta, their resentment to the Samians, 155-assist the Thebans against the Athenians, 269-occasion of their enmity with the Athenians, ib.-by their compli- ance with the demands of Darius, give great offence to the Athenians, 293-are accused by the Athenians at Sparta of betraying the liberties of Greece, 294- oppose and repulse Cleomenes, who endeavoured to seize the persons of the accused, ib,-send hostages to Cleomenes, 301-commit an act of violence on the Athenians at Sunium, 306-are betrayed to the Athe- nians by Nicodromus, ib-for their impiety against the temple of Ceres Thesmophoros are driven from Egina, ib.-are defeated by the Athenians, and denied assistance by the Argives, 307-obtain a victory over the Athenian fleet, ib.-supply the Greeks with thirty vessels, 390-are Dorians, ib,-distinguish themselves in the battle at Salamis, 403-their offering at Delphi, 410-become exceedingly rich by their purchases of the spoil after the battle of Platea, 440. Egis, derivation of the word, 239. Egium, answer of the oracle to the people of, 46, n.
Adimantus, the Athenian, had an honourable epitaph Eolians subdued by Croesus, 3-their offer of allegiance
inscribed on his tomb, 381, n.
Adimantus, the Corinthian, is prevented by Themis- tocles from flying before the Persians, 381-is reproved by Themistocles, 393-said to have fled at the com- mencement of the battle of Salamis, 403. Adonis, his rites in Phrygia represented the access and recess of the sun, 421, n.
Adoption always performed by the Spartans in presence of the king, 296-more frequent amongst the Romans than amongst the Greeks, ib. n.
Adrastus, son of Gordius, having unwillingly killed his brother, receives expiation from Croesus, 12-is in- trusted by Croesus with the care of his son Atys in the hunting of a wild boar, 13-missing his aim at the boar kills Atys, ib.-kills himself on the tomb of Atys, 14. Adrastus, the son of Talaus, sacrifices and festivals ap- propriated to him by the Sicyonians, assigned by Clis- thenes to Melanippus, 264.
Adyrmachida, a people of Africa, their customs, 233, & n. Eaces, son of Syloson, prevails on all the Samian lead- ers, except eleven, to withdraw their assistance from the Ionians, 284-the Phenicians ordered by the Per- sians to replace him in Samos as a reward of his services, 288.
rejected by Cyrus, 44-their cities, 47-send ambassa- dors to Sparta to request assistance from the Lacedæ- monians against Cyrus, ib-who refuse it, and yet threaten Cyrus for any injury to the Grecian cities, 48-Datis the Mede takes them with his army against Eretria, 308-assist Xerxes with sixty ships, 343- called Pelasgi at the siege of Troy, 52. Eschylus, 125.
Esop, his conversation with Solon at Sardis, 11, n.—the fables under his name not his, 116, n.-little concerning him can be ascertained as fact, ib. n.-not deformed, ib. n.-called Theta, 272, n.
Ethiopia, rain and ice unknown in, 75-rain, &c. known in. ib.—its produce, 175. Æthiopians, 77-eighteen of them kings of Egypt, 102– from time immemorial used circumcision, 103-not possible to say whether they or the Egyptians first introduced circumcision, ib.-subdued by Cambyses, 169-their customs, ib.-assist Xerxes in his expedi- tion to Greece, 340-difference between the eastern and western, ib.
Ethiopians, Macrobian, 141-term of their lives, 143- their food, ib.-Cambyses marches against them with a part of his army, and loses a considerable number of men, 144.
Eacus, an edifice erected by the Athenians sacred to Etolians, a shocking character of them, 398, n. him, 271-his aid entreated by the Greeks, 394. Egaleos, mount, Xerxes viewed the battle of Salamis from, 402.
Africa, first discovered by Necho, king of Egypt, to be surrounded by the sea, 200-Sataspes desists from sailing round it, ib.-barren of wood, 236-various nations of, 233-its animals, 241-in some parts it never rains, 239-in goodness of soil not comparable to Asia or Europe, 243.
Africans, nearest to Egypt, submit to Cambyses, 139- prevent the Greeks from seeing Irasa, 231-from Egypt as far as lake Tritonis lead a pastoral life, and live on flesh and milk, 239-to the west of the lake Tritonis, not shepherds, ib.-customs of the African shepherds with respect to their children, ib.-Africans more exempt from disease than other men, ib.-their mode of sacrifice, ib.-all adore the sun and moon, ib. Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, mode of her father's disposing of her in marriage, 316-given by her father to Megacles, son of Alemæon, 318. Agarista, daughter of Hippocrates, 318.
Agasicles, of Halicarnassus, violated the custom of the temple of Triope, 45. Agathoergoi, 21. Agathyrsi, 218, 222.
Age, reverence paid to by the Egyptians and Lacedæ- monians, 96.
Agetus, son of Alcides, his wife from being remark- able for her ugliness, becomes exceedingly beautiful, 297-his wife is by artifice obtained by Ariston, who by her has Demaratus, ib.
Agylla, men and cattle seized with convulsions on ap- proaching a certain spot, 51.
Ahasuerus, the subject of much etymological investiga- tion, 56, n.
Ajax, son of Telamon, 264-invoked by the Greeks at Salamis, 394-a vessel consecrated to him by the Greeks, 380.
Aimnestus slays Mardonius in the battle of Platea, 433. Alabaster, whence its name, 141, n. Alcaus, the son of Hercules, 3.
Altar of the twelve deities at Athens, 69, 312-at Delphi, presented by the Chians, 116-of Hercules, 365-of Jupiter Forensis, 257-of Orthosian Diana, 241-of the winds, 365.
Altars, none among the Persians, 41-first erected by the Egyptians, 68.
Alyattes, king of Sardis, 6-resumes his father's war against the Milesians, ib.—and puts an end to it, 7— erects two temples to Minerva, ib.-his death, 8- his sepulchre described, 31-story of him and a Thra- cian woman, 248.
Amasis rebels against Apries king of Egypt, 127—takes Apries prisoner, and treats him with kindness, till the Egyptians strangle him, 129-succeeds to the throne of Egypt, 129-instance of his political sagacity, 130-his regulation of his time, ib.-erects a magnifi. cent portico in honour of Minerva, ib-brings an edifice from Elephantine constructed of one entire stone, 131-colossal statues placed by him, ib.-built the temple of Isis at Memphis, ib.-partial to the Greeks, ib.-gives 1000 talents of alum towards re- building the temple of Delphi, 132-makes an ami- cable confederacy with the Cyrenians, ib.-marries Ladice, ib.-is afflicted with imbecility, but his vigour is restored, ib.-his liberality to Greece, ib.-sends his portrait to Cyrene, ib-the first that conquered Cyprus, 133-Cambyses leads an army against him, 135 dies before Cambyses advances to Egypt, 138-succeeded by Psammenitus, ib.-his dead body insulted by Cam- byses, 140-his advice to Polycrates, 149-his motives for withdrawing his alliance with him, 150-foretold the death of Polycrates, 179
Alcaus, the poet, fled from the field, 274—some account Amasis, a Maraphian, intrusted by Ariandes with the of, ib. n.
Alemaon, son of Megacles, by the permission of Croesus takes with him from Sardis all the gold he can carry, 316. Alemæonidæ, construct the temple of Delphi, 262-bribe the Pythian to propose to every Spartan who con- sulted her the deliverance of Athens, ib.-a shield said to be held up by one of them as a signal to the Per- sians on their retreat from Marathon, 314-but this an incredible story, 316-always amongst the most distin- guished characters of Athens, ib.-the family raised by Clisthenes, ib.
Aleuada send messengers from Thessaly, imploring Xerxes to invade Greece, 323-the first Greeks who submitted to Xerxes, 351.
Alexander, son of Priam, resolves to obtain a wife from Greece, 2.
Alexander, son of Amyntas, by stratagem procures the death of seven Persians sent by Megabyzus to de- mand earth and water, 250-gives his sister in mar. riage to Bubaris, and thus prevents an inquiry into the assassination of the seven Persians, ib.-dissuades the Greeks from proceeding towards Thessaly to defend the Olympic straits against Xerxes, 365-a golden statue of him at Delphi, 410-is sent ambas- sador by Mardonius to procure an alliance with the Athenians, 413-his descent from Perdiccas, 414-his speech at Athens, 415-betrays Mardonius to the Greeks, 430.
Alexander the Great, his order to his troops to cut off their hair, 46, n.-story of his birth similar to that of the birth of Demaratus, 299, n.-by an act of violence on the Pythian, obtained the answer he wished for 303, n. Algerines, their ceremony in marriage, 235 n. Allegory, partiality of the ancients to, 224 n. Alliances ratified by ancient and modern nations by drinking their own blood, 24, n.-how made by the Arabians, 137-by the Scythians, 208.
conduct of an army against the Barceans, 233-his stratagem at the siege of Barce, 243.
Amathusia besieged by Onesilus, 277-a name of Cyprus, ib. n.
Amazons, by the Scythians called menslayers, 219— subdued by the Greeks at Thermodon, 427-plunder the Scythians, 220-conciliated to the Scythians, ib.- their manners and customs, 221.
Ambassadors, their persons sacred, except at Constan- tinople, 156, n.
Amber carried from Europe into Greece, 175-its name and uses, ib. n.
America, whence peopled, 206, n. Amestris, wife of Xerxes, commanded fourteen Persian children of illustrious birth to be interred alive, “ -discovers the intrigue of Xerxes with Artaynta, -not the same with queen Esther, ib. 447, n.—her cruelty to the wife of Masistes, 447.
Amilcar, conquered by Gelon and Theron, disappeared and was never seen afterwards, 362-according to Polyænus destroyed by Gelon by stratagem, ib. n.— honoured by the Carthaginians as a divinity, ib. Aminias of Pallene, 403.
Aminocles, son of Crat!" 369. Ammon, 237, n.
Ammonians, 237—their fountain of water, ib.-derivation of their name, ib. n.
Amompharetus, son of Poliadas, 433-behaves well at the battle of Platea, 437.
Amphiaraus, his oracle, 14, & n.—Crœsus sends presents to him, 16-no Theban allowed to sleep in his temple, 413. Amphictyons, 262, n. 371, n. Amphilochus, his oracle, 168, n. Amphytrion, his present to the temple of the Ismenian Apollo at Thebes, 262.
Amyntas gives the Persians earth and water, 249. Amyrtæus discovers the island Elbo, 118.
Anacharsis, the Scythian, his superior learning and ac-
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