ex re penderent. [14] Lat. quam principis ipsius. [15] Lat. doctrina quorundam ex Italis. [16] in some Kings times: added in 1625. [17] Lat. consilia interiora quæ vulgo vocantur cabinetti. [18] The MS. adds, "which hath tourned Metis the wife to Metis the mistresse, that is Councells of State to which Princes are [solemnly] marryed, to Councells of gracious persons recommended chiefly by [flattery and] affection." Mr Spedding in his note (Bacon's Works, VI. p. 555) remarks, "The word 'solemly' has a line drawn through it, and the words 'flattery and' are inserted between the lines in Bacon's hand." [19] As to: 'But for' (1612). Lat. occultationem consili[21] Lat. sed tam personas quam negotia cum delectu excerpere possunt. [25] comes: 'come' (1612). (1612). Counsels: counsell' (1612). [28] Lat. arcana nosse et retegere.

orum.

added in 1625.

[26] Motto: 'Mot' [27] Ter. Eun. I. 2, 25. [30-85 9] It is true-Fox:

[17, 18] which are Things soone found, [20] Lat. suæ rei prospecturos non [27] Counsellours: 'counsels' (1612). [29-31] So that..Eare: added in

[34] Mart. Epig. VIII. 15.

[10] Reverend: 'reuerent' Freedome : omitted in MS. Lat. ut modestius senten

p. 85 [3] able to Grinde with a Hand-Mill: Lat. proprio Marte validus. [6] Hist. of Hen. 7, pp. 15, 16; "About this time, the King called vnto his Priuie-Councell, Iohn Morton, and Richard Foxe, the one Bishop of Elie, the other Bishop of Excester, vigilant men, and secret, and such as kept watch with him almost vpon al men else." [11-13] Nay ..Counsell: added in 1625. and holpen added in 1625. domini. [21] Luke xviii. 8. [28] Counsellour: added in 1625. 1625. p. 86 [1] on: 'of' (1612). [2] Speculative: Lat. rimatores. [4] their : so in the original and in ed. of 1612. (1612). Lat. gravior. [15] to preserve [16] to preserve Respect: omitted in MS. tiam ferant. [24-28] 'what kind of person should be; but in indiuiduo: For the greatest errors, and the greatest iudgement are shewed in the choice of Indiuiduals' (1612). In the MS. the Essay ends here. [28] A saying of Alphonso of Aragon. Optimos consiliarios esse mortuos dicebat, libros, videlicet, designans, a quibus sine metu, sine gratiâ, quæ nosse cuperet fideliter audiret. Alphonsi regis dict. et fact. lib. 3, c. 1, auct. Ant. Panormita. See also Apoph. 105; "Alonso of Aragon was wont to say of himself, That he was a great necromancer, for that he used to ask counsel of the dead: meaning books." The origin of the saying is to be sought at a still more remote period. Zeno, the Stoic, enquired of the oracle by what course of conduct he should live the best life. The god replied, ei συγχρωτίζοιτο τοῖς νεκροῖς (Diog. Laert. VII. I, § 3). consiliarii forte in adulationem lapsuri sint. gubernacula rerum tractarunt. Placebo: added in 1625.

[34-88

[29] Lat. cum [32] Lat. qui et ipsi 8] The Counsels..

[6] ἐν νυκτὶ βουλή,

p. 87 [1] Lat. congressus et colloquia familiaria. Gaisford, Par. Gr. B. 359. [10] Lat. petitiones privatas. [13] Hoc agere. The phrase is explained in Plutarch's Coriol. p. 249 (North's trans.); "But hereby appeareth plainely, how king Numa did wisely

ordaine all other ceremonies concerning deuotion to the goddes, and specially this custome which he stablished, to bring the people to religion. For when the magistrates, bishoppes, priestes, or other religious ministers goe about any deuine seruice, or matter of religion, an herauld euer goeth before them, crying out aloud, Hoc age: as to say, doe this, or mind this." [15] Indifferent persons: Lat. qui æqui sunt et in neutram partem propendeant. [18] Lat. delegationes non tantum temporaneas aut e re natâ sed etiam continuatas et per The Latin adds quæ curent separatim. [19] Suits: Lat. [20] Lat. consilia subordinata diversa.

petuas.
gratias, gravamina.

[26] The Latin adds, mercatoribus, artificibus. parietes camera consilii.

p. 88 [6] Lat. se ad nutum ejus applicabunt.

[32] Lat. ad

[8] a Song of Placebo:

the Vesper hymn for the dead. "Pope Sixtus's Breviary says, 'ad vesperas, absolutè incipitur ab Antiphonâ placebo Domino in regione vivorum."" (Nares' Glossary, s. v.) Chaucer (Persones Tale) has, "Flaterers ben the develes chapeleyns, that singen ay placebo."

Bacon followed the advice which he himself gave. At the conclusion of his speech for the Naturalization of the Scottish Nation, he said; "Mr Speaker, I haue (I take it) gone through the parts which I propounded to my selfe, wherein if any man shall think I have sung a placebo, for mine owne particular; I would have him know that I am not so unseene in the world, but that I discerne, it were much alike for my priuate fortune a tacebo, as to sing a placebo in this businesse: but I haue spoken out of the fountain of my heart."

I. 19.

ESSAY 21

p. 89 [3] Antith. XLI ; Occasio, instar Sibyllæ, minuit oblatum, pretium auget. [4] Sybilla: the story is told by Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. [6] Lat. integrum tamen pretium postulat. Adagia, p. 687, ed. Grynæus: Fronte capillata est, post hæc occasio calva. See also Phædrus, v. 8, and Posidippi Epigr. 13 in Brunck's Anthologia II. 49. [9] Antith. XLI; Occasio primum ansam vasis porrigit, deinde ventrem. [14] Antith. XLIII; Non jam leve est periculum, [15] ibid. Plura pericula fallunt, quam vincunt. periculum progredi qui accingitur, et periculum [8] Argos: Esch. Prom. 567, &c. Briareus: Antith. XLI. The Helmet of Pluto: Hom. II. v.

si leve videatur. p. 90 [2] ibid. Docet fingit remedio. Hom. I. 1. 403.

845. See de Sap. Vet. c. VII. Perseus in the fable wore the helmet of Pluto when he slew the Gorgon Medusa. See the same fable enlarged in the De Augmentis, II. 13. A note in the Promus, fol. 15 b, is: "Plutoes Helmett-Secresy Invisibility."

ESSAY 22

Greatly enlarged from the ed. of 1612.

p. 9r [8] In the Promus of Formularies and Elegancies (Works vii. 197 ed. Spedding) occurs this note, descriptive of the characters of some men; "Cunning in the humours of persons, and not in the conditions

1

of actions."

[9] Lat. personarum naturas et mores.

[13] of one: Lat. hominum.

[11] Lat.

[13] Lat. constitutio [16] I suppose the figure

in personarum aditibus et temporibus. ipsissima. is taken from the game of bowls. Under the head of "Bowl-Alley, or Bowling-Alley," Nares (Glossary) gives "a covered space for the game of bowls, instead of a bowling-green." He quotes, "whether it be in open wide places, or in close allies,-the chusing of the bowle is the greatest cunning." Country Contentm. G. Markham, p. 58. The Latin translator seems to have missed the point. He renders, et non aliter fere usum sui præbent quam in viis quas sæpe contriverunt, understanding alley in its ordinary sense, and applied metaphorically to a narrow walk of life. [19] A saying of Aristippus; Diog. Laert. ΙΙ. 73, εἰς ἁγνῶτας τοὺς δύο γυμνοὺς ἀπόστειλον καὶ εἴσῃ. It is quoted again, Apoph. 255. [20]-95 [14] And because..looked backe: added

in 1625.

p. 92 [1] Adv. of L. 11. 9, § 2. “And therefore a number of subtile persons, whose eyes doe dwell vpon the faces and fashions of men; doe well know the aduantage of this obseruation; as being most part of their abilitie; neither can it bee denied, but that it is a great discouerie of dissimulations, and a great direction in Businesse." [5] Sometimes: Lat. per vices. [8] Lat. ut cum aliquid propere et facile obtinere et expedire cupias. [12] Lat. ad objectiones et scrupulos. [16] Lat. de rebus status gravioribus sermones. [21] he doubts: omitted in the Latin. [26] Lat. quasi se ipsum deprehenderet et

contineret. [32] Lat. insolitum induere vultum. p. 93 [1] Lat. quid sibi velit ista oris mutatio. [10] Tac. Ann. XI. 30. [12] Lat. non inutile est. rem fere prætermissam.

[2] Neh. ii. 1. [17] Lat. ut [30] Lat. astutia species satis vafra est. [32] Lat. ut inde alterum irretiat et subruat. [33] Mr Spedding has suggested to me that probably the two competitors for the office of Secretary, here alluded to, were Sir Robert Cecil and Sir Thomas Bodley.

P. 94 [1] Lat. qui tamen se invicem amice tractabant.

[6] Lat. seque

illud genus hominum minime ambire. [7] Lat. verba illa callide prolata bona fide arripuit. [11] The Latin adds, tanquam scilicet ab altero prolata. [12] The Latin adds cum ipsa se vigentem reputaret. [16] Various explanations of this proverb have been given; among others that by Mr Singer in his edition of the Essays, suggested by a writer in the Gentleman's Mag. 1754, p. 66. "It was originally, no doubt, 'Cate in the pan,' but thus popularly corrupted. The allusion is probably to the dexterous turning or shifting the side of a pancake by a sleight of hand familiar to cooks." The Latin translator was clearly at a loss for the meaning when he wrote quod Anglico proverbio Felem in aheno vertere satis absurde dicitur. It appears to have been a common saying. Nares (Glossary, s. v.) quotes the following;

Damon smatters as well as he can of craftie phylosophie,
And can tourne cat in the panne very pretily.

Damon and Pith. O. Pl. 1. 193

And again from the famous song of the Vicar of Bray, in which a catin-pan appears to be synonymous with turncoat:

When George in pudding-time came o'er,

And moderate men look'd big, Sir,

I turn'd a cat-in-pan once more,

And so became a Whig, Sir.

[16] Lat. cum ea verba, quæ.quis apud alium profert, imputat collo

quenti, tanquam ab ipso prolata.

spicula quædam oblique torqueat.

[22] Lat. ut quis in alios [25] Tac. Ann. XIV. 57.

[31] Lat. unde et se magis in tuto continent, quasi nihil diserte affirmantes, et rem ipsam majore cum voluptate spargi efficiunt. p. 95 [9] sudden: omitted in the Latin. [12] Pauls: "The body of old St Paul's church in London, was a constant place of resort for business and amusement. Advertisements were fixed up there, bargains made, servants hired, politics discussed, &c. &c." Nares, Gloss. s. v. Frequent allusions are made to it by Shakspere and the dramatists of his time. [15-19] Altered from the edition of 1612, where this paragraph stands last; "Very many are the differences betweene cunning and wisdome and it were a good deed to set them downe; for that nothing doth more hurte in state then that cunning men passe for wise. [17] Lat. uberiorem catalogum. [20] But, certainly, some there are: 'Euen in businesse there are some' (1612). [21] Resorts and Falls: Lat. periodos et pausas. Ital. le riuscite, et le cadute. The word resort' appears to be used in the same sense in Adv. of L. 11. 2, § 4; "But such beeing the workemanship of God, as he doth hang the greatest waight vpon the smallest Wyars, Maxima è Minimis suspendens, it comes therfore to passe, that such Histories doe rather set forth the pompe of busines, then the true and inward resorts thereof." In the corresponding passage of the De Augmentis, II. 7, the last clause is given quam eorum veros fomites et texturas subtiliores. The same sentiment as is expressed in the Essay occurs again in the Adv. of L. 11. 23, § 30: "If we obserue, we shall find two differing kinds of sufficiency, in managing of businesse: some can make vse of occasions aptly and dexterously, but plotte little: some can vrge and pursue their owne plottes well, but cannot accom. modate nor take in: either of which is very vnperfite without the other." [22] the Maine: Lat. viscera et interiora. [25] Looses: Lat. exitus. Lat. in conclusionibus deliberatorum. [27-29] Lat. ex hac re existimationem quandam aucupantur, veluti ingenia quæ ad decernendum potius quam ad disputandum sint aptiora. [29] In his "Observations upon a Libell published in anno 1592" (Resuscitatio, p. 145, ed. 1657), Bacon describes his father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, as 66 one that was of the mind, that a Man, in his private Proceedings and Estate, and in the Proceedings of State, should rest upon the Soundnesse and Strength of his own Courses, and not upon Practise to Circumvent others; according to the Sentence of Salomon; Vir Prudens advertit ad Gressus suos, stultus autem divertit ad Dolos." 'vpon abusing others' (1612). [32] Prov. xiv. 15.

ESSAY 23

p. 96 [1] Comp. Adv. of L. 11. 23, § 8; "For many are wise in their owne ways, that are weak for gouernmente or Counsell, like Ants which is a wise creature for it self, but very hurtefull for the garden." [2] Orchard: omitted in the Latin. [6] Society: Lat. amorem reipublica. [7] Specially to thy King, and Country: added in 1625. [8] Adv. of L. 11. 23, § 8: Of the Science of government Bacon says, "But yet there is another part of this part, which differeth as much from that wherof we haue spoken as sapere, & sibi Sapere: the one moouing as it were to the circumference, the other to the center : for there is a wisedome of counsell, and againe there is a wisedome of pressing a mans owne fortune; and they doe sometimes meet, and often seuere." [10] Himselfe: Lat. commodum proprium. [15] onely added in 1625. [19] Affaires : Lat. negotia publica. Hands: 'hand' (1612).

[20]

[4]

p. 97 [1] Lat. ministros et servos qui hac nota non maculantur. "And that' (1612). [8] Servant: 'seruants' (1612). [10-16] 'And yet that is the case; for the good &c.' (1612). [12] Lat. servos et ministros. [14] and Envies: omitted in the Latin. [22] Egges: 'egge' in the MS. of ed. of 1612. [26] Affaires: in the ed. of 1612 the Essay ends here.

[5] Lat. in exitu sacrificant [7] Lat. pulchra illa sapientia sua.

p. 98 [2] Cic. ad Quint. Frat. III. 8. inconstantia fortuna.

ESSAY 24

This Essay is little more than a translation of Antith. XL. P. 99 [1] Antith. XL; novi partus deformes sunt. [4] ibid. Sicut qui nobilitatem in familiam introducunt digniores fere sunt posteris; ita novationes rerum plerumque præstant iis quæ ad exempla fiunt. [6] Lat. Ita rerum exemplaria et primordia (quando feliciter jacta sunt) imitationem ætatis sequentis, ut plurimum, superant. [10] Lat. ut fieri amat in violentis motibus. [11] Antith. XL; Omnis medicina innovatio. Qui nova remedia fugit, nova mala opperitur. Novator maximus tempus; quidni igitur tempus imitemur? Cum per se res mutentur in deterius, si consilio in melius non mutentur, quis finis erit mali? Quæ usu obtinere, si non bona, at saltem apta inter se sunt. [14] of course: Lat. decursu sole. [17] Lat. finis mali. [18] Lat. aptum esse tamen temporibus. [21] Lat, ubi contra nova veteribus non usquequaque tam concinne cohæreant. From the expression which Bacon makes use of in the Antitheta, nulla novitas absque injuria, nam præsentia convellit, he had probably in his mind Matt. ix. 16.

p. 100 [2] Lat. tanquam advenæ aut peregrini. [4] Lat. in orbem agitatur. Froward: Lat. importuna et morosa. Antith. XL; Morosa morum retentio res turbulenta est, æque ac novitas. Moris servi, temporis ludibria. Quis novator tempus imitatur; quod novationes ita insinuat, ut sensus fallant? Quod præter spem evenit