cui prodest minus acceptum, cui obest magis molestum. [12] For otherwise: Lat. Illud enim pro certo habeas. [14] Lat. cui incrementum est novitas, ille fortunæ gratias habet et tempori. [17] Lat. experimentis novis in corporibus politicis medendis non uti. [24-27] Quoted again in Adv. of L. 1. 5, § 2.

ESSAY 25

Slightly altered and enlarged from the ed. of 1612.

p. 101 [1] Lat. celeritas nimia et affectata.

[8-12] And as in Races

[20] Sir

..Dispatch: added in 1625. [10] After 'Speed' the Latin adds, sed in motu eorundem humiliore et æquabili. [13] Lat. ut brevi tempore multum confecisse videantur. [16] Abbreviate: 'make shorte' (1612); Lat. tempori parcere. [18-20] at severall.. Manner: 'by peeces, is commonly protracted in the whole' (1612). Amyas Paulet, with whom Bacon went to France in 1576: see A poph. 76. In Howell's Familiar Letters (Vol. 11. lett. 17) the saying is attributed to Sir Francis Walsingham. that added in 1625. p. 102 [1] rich: Lat. pretiosa. [4] at a deare Hand: Lat. magno. [5-8] The Spartans..comming: added in 1625. The Spartans: comp. Thuc. I. 70, 84. and Spaniards: see Bacon's "Report in

the House of Commons of the Earl of Salisburies and the Earle of Northampton's Speeches" (Resuscitatio, p. 32, ed. 1657). [14] 'backwards' (1612). [14-16] and be more tedious by parcels, then he [18] Actor: Lat. oratorem. [24] Lat. [25] Lat. transitiones bellæ. [29] Lat. cave ne in rem ipsam ab initio (1612), but the MS. has 'wills.' [32] of Speech: added in 1625. [33] Lat. instar fomentationis ante unguentum.

could haue bin at once' (1612). toga prælonga terram verrens. Lat. gloriolæ captatrices. descendas. [30] Wils: 'will' of Minde: added in 1625.

p. 103 [1] and Singling out of Parts: added in 1625. Hist. cent. VI. exp. 597.

[17] See Nat.

ESSAY 26

Slightly enlarged and altered from ed. 1612.

p. 104 [6] 2 Tim. iii. 5. [8] Lat. qui nugantur solenniter, cum prudentes minime sint. [9] Ter. Heaut. III. 5, 8. [11] Lat. affectationes istas videre in quot formas se vertant, et quali utantur arte quasi prospectivâ. [12] Prospectives: 'perspectiues' (1612). Close and Reserved: Lat. secreti. [16] Lat. et videri volunt plus significare quam loqui. [20] well: Lat. tuto.

[14]

[8]

[13]

p. 105 [2] Cic. in Pis. 6. [4] think to beare it: Lat. se valere putant. ( [5] 'and will goe on' (1612). [6] Lat. pro admissis accipiunt. 'they will seeme to despise' (1612). [10] Lat. judicio limato. Not Aulus Gellius but Quintilian (x. 1), who says of Seneca, si rerum pondera minutissimis sententiis non fregisset, consensu potius eruditorum quam puerorum amore comprobaretur. It is quoted again in the Adv. of L. I. 4, § 5. A. Gellius: 'Gellius' (1612).

Protag. 337.

[19] Lat. negativæ libenter se applicant.

[15] Plat.

[21] Lat

ex scrupulis et difficultatibus proponendis et prædicendis. [26) Lat. decocter rei familiaris occultus. [29-34] Seeming Wise-men.... Formall: added in 1625. [30] Lat. opinionem vulgi. [33] Lat. quam hujusmodi formalistam fastidiosum.

ESSAY 27

Entirely rewritten from the ed. of 1612, where it stands thus: "There is no greater desert or wildernes then to bee without true friends. For without friendship, society is but meeting. And as it is certaine, that in bodies inanimate, vnion strengthneth any naturall motion, and weakeneth any violent motion; So amongst men, friendship multiplieth ioies, and diuideth griefes. Therefore whosoeuer wanteth fortitude, let him worshippe Friendship. For the yoke of Friendship maketh the yoke of fortune more light. There bee some whose liues are, as if they perpetually plaid vpon a stage, disguised to all others, open onely to themselues. But perpetuall dissimulation is painfull; and hee that is all Fortune, and no Nature is an exquisit Hierling. Liue not in continuall smother, but take some friends with whom to communicate. It will vnfold thy vnderstanding; it will euaporate thy affections; it will prepare thy businesse. A man may keepe a corner of his minde from his friend, and it be but to witnesse to himselfe, that it is not vpon facility, but vpon true vse of friendship that hee imparteth himselfe. Want of true friends, as it is the reward of perfidious natures; so is it an imposition vpon great fortunes. The one deserue it, the other cannot scape it. And therefore it is good to retaine sincerity, and to put it into the reckoning of Ambition, that the higher one goeth, the fewer true friends he shall haue. Perfection of friendship, is but a speculation. It is friendship, when a man can say to himselfe, I loue this man without respect of vtility. I am open hearted to him, I single him from the generality of those with whom I liue; I make him a portion of my owne wishes."

p. 106 [3] Arist. Pol. 1. 1. [10] it: Lat. hujusmodi vita solitaria. [12] Lat. altioribus contemplationibus. [21] Lat. nihilo plus sunt quam in porticibus picture.

p. 107 [2] Adagia, p. 506. A comic poet quoted by Strabo xvI. p. 738, punning upon the name of Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia, said èpnuía μεγάλη 'στιν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις. Strabo applies it to Babylon. Entered in the Promus, fol. 7 a. [3] Lat. Amici et necessarii. [16] Lat. animæ perturbationes. doe cause and induce: Lat. imprimere solent. [19] Lat. in ægritudinibus animæ. [25] The Latin adds [27] Lat. tanquam sub sigillo confessionis civilis. [33] Lat. distantiam et sublimitatem.

curas.

[10] Tibe

p. 108 [6] Lat. nomine gratiosorum vel amicorum regis. rius called Sejanus, koɩvwvòv Tŵv opovτídwv (Dio Cass. LVIII. 4), or socium laborum, as Tacitus has it (Ann. IV. 2). [28] Plutarch, Pomp. 14. Quoted in Adv. of L. 11. 23, § 5. [30] Lat. ut eum Cæsar Octavio suo nepoti hæredem substituerit. [33] Lat. qui Cæsarem ad mortem suam pertraxit. [34] Plutarch, Jul. Cæs. 64.

Y

[4] Lat. sperare se eum

[10]

p. 109 [2] The Latin adds uxoris suæ. senatum non tam parvi habiturum, ut dimittere illum vellet donec uxor somnium melius somniasset. [8] Cic. Phil. XIII. II. Dio Cass. LIV. 6. [20] Tac. Ann. IV. 40. [22] Tac. Ann. IV. 74. [24] Lat. similis aut etiam illâ majoris amicitiæ exemplum cernitur. [25] Plautianus: the ed. of 1625, and the Latin have Plantianus. [30] Dio Cass. LXXV. 15.

p. 110 [6] Lat. nisi per hasce amicitias facta fuisset integra et perfecta. [11] Hist. of Philip de Commines, trans. Danett, v. 5, p. 164 (ed. 1596). [21] closenesse: Lat. occultatio consiliorum. [22] μὴ ἐσθίειν καρδίαν, a proverb of Pythagoras quoted by Plutarch (de educ. puer. c. 17). In Athenæus it is attributed to Demetrius Byzantius (Adagia, p. 441). See Diog. Laert. VIII. 17, 18. [25] Lat. quibus cogitationes suas et anxietates libere impertiant.

p. 111 [4] Paracelsi Opera, vi. 313, ed. Francof. 1605. Si lapis ille ex materia convenienti et philosophicâ ratione a prudenti medico fiat, et consideratis satis omnibus circumstantiis hominis ipsi exhibeatur, tunc renovat et instaurat organa vitæ perinde ac si igni apponatur ligna, quæ pene emortuum ignem refocillant, et causa sunt splendentis et clara flammæ. [5] Good, and: omitted in the Latin. [6] Lat. absque auxilio notionum chymicarum. [8] Lat. in rebus [24] Lat. clarescere veluti in diem. [26] Lat. agitat

naturalibus. et in omnes partes versat. [31] Plutarch, Them. 29. p. 112 [16] чuxǹ §npǹ σodwτárn, quoted by Galen. See Adagia, p. 268, and Spedding's Bacon, III. 267, note. It occurs again in de Sap. Vet. c. 27, and Apoph. 258: “Heraclitus the Obscure said; The dry light was the best soul. Meaning, when the faculties intellectual are in vigour, not wet, nor, as it were, blooded by the affections." [26] See note on p. 37, l. 12.

p. 113 [4] The Latin adds tanquam in speculo, aliquando, ut fit etiam

in speculis. [12] Jam. i. 23. [14] Lat. Quantum ad negotia,

vetus est; Melius videre oculos quam oculum; licet nonnulli hoc cavillentur. Etiam recte dicitur, &c. [17-19] Or that..Letters: omitted in the Latin. [21-24] Lat. etsi quidam tam altum sapiant, ut putent in sese esse omnia. Verum quicquid dici possit in contrarium certum est, consilium negotia dirigere et stabilire. p. 114 [1] Lat. consilia illa a diversis manantia (licet cum fide et bona intentione præstita). [14] Lat. consiliis istis dispersis (ut jam dictum). [26] Lat. non per hyperbolem sed sobrie dictum esse ab antiquis. [27] In Diog. Laert. VII. 1, § 23 it is put in the mouth of Zeno Cittieus : ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ἐστι φίλος, ἄλλος ἐγώ, ἔφη. It occurs again in Arist. Magn. Mor. II. 15; Eth. Eud. VII. 12. [28] Lat. quando quidem, si quis vere rem reputat, amici officia proprias cujusque vires superent. [30] Lat. in medio operum aliquorum. [31] Lat. in collocatione filii in matrimonium, consummatione conatuum et desideriorum

suorum.

p. 115 [1] Lat. adeo ut fatum immaturum vix obsit. ut loquamur more tribulum aut firmariorum. Frend: omitted in the Latin,

as it were: Lat. [5, 6] For....

[13] Lat. ad quæ erubescimus.

[18] upon Termes: Lat. salva dignitate.

in fabula.

ESSAY 28

[23] The Latin adds

First published in the edition of 1597, enlarged in 1612, where it is called 'Of Expences,' and again in 1625.

p. 116 [4] Lat. spontanea paupertas.

in 1625. nolit.

[12-15] Certainly. . Part: added

[12] Lat. qui diminutionem fortunarum suarum pati [17] Estate: 'estates' (1612). [20] Wounds cannot be

Cured without searching: printed as a quotation in 1597. all: added in 1612, but omitted in MS.

[22] at

p. 117 [2] In the printed ed. of 1597 this clause stands, 'yea and change them after;' but the MS. which I have printed in the Appendix has the correct reading. [3-5] He.. Certainties; added in ed. of 1612, except that for 'it behoveth him to' the reading of that edition was 'had neede.' The sentence is omitted in MS. [4] Lat. eum quæ computationi subjacent, in certos reditus atque etiam sumptus vertere convenit. [5-12] A Man.. Decay: added in 1625. [12] Lat. in perplexa et obæratâ re familiari liberanda. Estate: added in 1612, but omitted in MS. 'He that' (1597).

ESSAY 29

[16-21] Besides...
[21] Certainly, who:

Greatly altered and enlarged from the ed. of 1612. In its present form, though in a Latin dress, it was incorporated in the De Augmentis, VIII. 3. The Latin translation is said to have been by Hobbes of Malmesbury. In the ed. of 1612 the title of the Essay is 'Of the greatnesse of Kingdomes," and in the Latin translation, De proferendis imperii finibus. The beginning of the Essay seems to have been the discourse "Of the true greatness of the kingdom of Britain,” written in 1608, which was never completed, but was turned into a general treatise "Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates." p. 118 [1] p. 119[7] The Speech..serve: greatly altered from ed. of 1612, where it stood thus: "The speech of Themistocles, which was arrogant in challenge, is profitable in censure. Desired at a banquet to touch a Lute, hee said, Hee could not fiddle; but he could make a small Towne to become a great Citie. This speech at a time of solace, and not serious, was vnciuill, and at no time could be decent of a mans selfe. But it may haue a pretie application: For to speake truly of politikes & Statesmen, there are sometimes, though rarely, those that can make a small estate great, and cannot fiddell. And there bee many that can fiddell very cunningly, and yet the procedure of their Art is to make a flourishing estate ruinous & distressed. For certainly those degenerate Arts, whereby diuers politikes and Gouernors doe gaine both satisfaction with their Masters, and admiration with the vulgar, deserue no better name then fidling; if they adde nothing to the safetie, strength, and amplitude of the States they gouerne." [6] Plutarch, Them. 2; Cimon, 9; Adv. of L. I. 3, § 7. [8] holpen a little with a Metaphore: Lat. ad sensum politicum_translata.

[9] expresse: Lat. optime describunt et distinguunt.

differing;

Lat. multum inter se discrepantes. [11] Statesmen: Lat. senatores aliosque ad negotia publica admotos, qui usquam fuerunt.

[15] fiddle very cunningly: Lat. in citharâ aut lyrâ (hoc est aulicis tricis) mire artifices.

[9] Tac.

p. 119 [8] Governours: the Latin adds minime spernendi. Ann. VI. 39, XVI. 18. Mannage: a metaphor from horsemanship. See Adv. of L. 11. 20, § 11; So as Diogenes opinion is to be accepted, who Commended not them which absteyned, but them which sustayned, and could refraine their Mind in Precipitio, and could giue vnto the mind (as is vsed in horsmanship) the shortest stop or turne." [13] in Power, Meanes, and Fortune: omitted in the Latin. [20] vaine: Lat. vanis et nimis arduis. [24] 'The greatnes of a State in bulke or territory' (1612). [29] by Cards and Maps: Lat. tabulis. Cards: 'Carts' (1612). [30] not any Thing amongst: 'nothing among' (1612). [33] Power and Forces: 'greatnes' (1612). [33] After "Estate," the ed. of 1612 adds; "Certainly there is a kind of resemblance betweene the Kingdome of heauen, and the Kingdomes vpon the earth.” The same figure is employed by Bacon in his speech on the Naturalization of the Scottish Nation, 17 Feb. 1606—7, and in the discourse "Of the true Greatness of the Kingdom of Britain" written in 1608. See Bacon's Works, vii. pp. 40, 49, ed. Spedding.

VII. 52.

[4, 5] States that are great in Territory,

[6] some: 'others' [7] 'foundation' (1612).

The

p. 120 [1] Matt. xiii. 31. and yet not apt to conquer or inlarge' (1612). (1612). of: 'or' (1612). [10-12] 'goodly Stables, Elephants, (if you wil) Masse of treasure, Number in Armies, Ordinance, and Artillerie, they are all but a Sheep &c.' (1612). [14] stout and warlike: 'militarie' (1612). [14] p. 121 [16] Nay.. Themselues; added in 1625. [16] Virg. Ecl. [24] And the Defeat was Easie: Lat. ea autem opinione fuit facilior. [28] Plut. Alex. 31; North's trans. p. 735. saying is again quoted in Adv. of L. 1. 7, § 11. See also Arrian, Exp. Alex. III. 19. [29] Plut. Lucull. 27; North's trans. p. 560. p. 121 [4] This saying is attributed to Mutianus the general of Vespasian in the discourse 'Of the true greatness of the Kingdom of Britain,' from which the whole passage is repeated. Machiavelli discusses the question in Disc. sopr. Liv. 11. 10, where he tells the tale of Solon and Croesus, for which see Lucian, Charon. Diogenes Laertius (IV. 48) gives as a saying of Bion's τὸν πλοῦτον νεῦρα πραγμάτων, and allusion is made to it in Plutarch (Agis & Cleom. c. 27): “But he that sayed first, that money was the sinew of all things, spake it chiefly in my opinion, in respect of the warres" (North's trans. p. 862, ed. 1595). [16—20] For this sentence the ed. of 1612 has: "The helpe is mercenary aides. But a Prince or State that resteth vpon waged Companies of forraine Armes, and not of his owne Natiues, may spread his feathers for a time, but he will mew them soone after." [17] The Latin adds cum copia native desint. See Machiavelli Disc. sopr. Liv. 11. 20; Princ. 13. [22, 23] That the same People or Nation, should: 'to' (1612]. [23]