V. ADVERB. 189. Adverbs are formed from adjectives 1. By the dative singular masculine or neuter with the article: bec little, adverb in biucc paullatim; laigiu minor, adverb ind laigiu minus. 2. By a peculiar form in -ith, -id with the same case of the article oinde singularis, adverb ind óindid singulariter. 3. By prefixing the preposition co: dían swift, adverb co dían swiftly. The third becomes the usual form in Middle Irish. VI. PRONOUNS. DEMONSTRATIVE. 190. To the Greek ouros answers substantivally side, suide, less often ade, and adjectivally the indeclinable suffix sin; in fer sin this man, genitive ind fir sin and so on (compare the French cet homme-ci). sin occurs also without substantive: íar sin μerà TOûTO; in sin (indeclinable) substantival, for all three genders. this 191. To the Greek öde answer the demonstratives se, sa and so, indeclinable and placed after the substantive: in fer so o amp ode; substantivally so and in so (indeclinable) for all three genders. that se, sa and so become si, sea and seo or siu after a slender vowel. 192. All these demonstratives also become adverbial, intensifying the meaning when added to the adverb and, here : andsin, andso, andside, andaide. 193. Some of the particles (particulæ augentes) which serve for the stronger enunciation of the personal pronouns are of the same origin: -se, -sa for the 1 Sg., mésse, mesi I, ro-basa I was; -su, -so for the 2 Sg., tússu thou, do ara-so thy charioteer, foracbaisiu thou didst abandon (for foracbais-siu); -som, -sam,-sem for the 3 Sg. M. and the 3 Pl. of all three genders, ésseom he, rigid-som he stretches out. 194. To the Greek TOûTo answer also ón, són. Sodin, sodain OUTOS is rarely used in other than a neuter sense: la sodain thereon. 195. The enclitic - has a more determinative character. When united with the article (M. intí, F. indí, N. aní) it is followed by a proper name, or by a demonstrative or relative clause inti Labraid this (aforesaid) Labrid, aní sin TOûTo, inti siu öde, inti thall ille; inti cretfes French celui qui croira, Dat. Pl. Old Irish donaib hí gníte iis qui faciunt, Middle Irish dona fib no chretitis to those who believed, cosna fib filet intib with those who are therein, or placed after the substantive as : lasin screich í sin upon this cry. 196. The Greek ekeîvos is expressed by means of the adverbs tall, út, sút, ucut, sucut illic, subst. inti thall yon, adj. in fer tall, French cet homme-là, na tri dath ucut those three colours. 197. To the Latin idem correspond inonn, inunn and cétne, cétna: in fer cétne idem vir (but in cétne fer primus vir). 198. Side, suide and ade hic (§ 190) with the neuter se hoc (e.g. re siu antehac) are alone declinable without the article. Their form of declension is that of noun-stems in ia (§ 115) but side is also in use undeclined for the Nom. Pl. of all three genders. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 199. The personal pronouns are frequently strengthened by an enclitic pronominal particle (particula augens), cf. § 193. In the 1 and 2 persons pl. the strengthening takes place by reduplication of the pronoun. The strengthened form is within parentheses: Singular. mé I (messe, mesi) tú thou (tussu, tuso) Plural. ni, sni we (snisni, snini, ninni) sib you (sissi), é he, si she, ed it (é som, sisi, ed ón) é, íat they (é som, íat som). 200. These forms also occur in the accusative. In the later language a distinction is attempted between the Nom. and Acc. 201. The pronoun governed by a preposition (pron. suffixum) is blended with the preposition. The pronoun governed by a verb is in Old Irish blended with the preceding verbal particle, conjunction, negative particle, or preposition (pron. infixum). In the second case the particle do is often put before the verb in order to suffix the pronoun to it. 202. These enclitic dative and accusative forms sound as follows: in the 1 Sg. -m, -mm (aspirating), 2 Sg. -t (aspirating), in the 1 Pl. -n, -nni, -nn (-nd), 2 Pl. -b: dam, damsa to me, frimm towards me, indium in me, mani-m berasu nisi feras me, duit, duit-siu to thee, immut about thee, atotchiat vident te, for ad-dot-chiat (ad-cíu I see), dún to us, lin-ni with us, ro-nn ain protegat nos, dúib, dúib-si to you, úaib from you, cotob sechaim coerceo vos (cosc hold back; dob pushed between co nand sechaim). For the 2 Pl. bar is also in use (usually a possessive pronoun): no bor mairfither ye will be slain, ro bur fuce who brought you. 203. The enclitic elements for the dative and accusative of the 3rd person are more difficult to ascertain and can scarcely be differentiated from their union with prepositions. In the plural there is no distinction of genders. As verbal objects (Acc. or Dat.) the following are discoverable: -d (aspirating) for Neuter, Masc., Fem., rod chluinethar qui id audiverit; -n (asp.) for Masc., Neut., nín accend non eum videt; -a (asp.) for Plural, Neuter, Fem. (?), ra chualatar id audiverunt; da (asp.) for Plural, Fem., Neut. (?), conda thanic eos adiit; -a (n-), -d (n-) for Masc., Neut. (?), rom-bertaigestar, rod m-bertaigedar he shook himself; -s (n-), dos (n-) for Plural, Sometimes the pronominal element is proleptic whilst the 204. The following is a table of prepositions united with the personal pronouns. Only the more important variations are given. The forms enclosed in [ ] are from O'Donovan's grammar. |