325. Instead of the breth in dobreth other composite verbs have bred, brath, brad: asrobrad dictum est, ad-ropred oblatus est (ad-ro-od), preterite active asrubart dixit, adopert obtulit; in the same way: dorairngred promissum est (do-ro-aircon-gred), forruchongrad praeceptum est, pret. act. dorairngert promisit, forcongart praecepit, pres. for-con-gur praecipio. In these cases the radical syllable has taken the form bre, bra (cf. Skr. bhri), gre, gra. In the same way eblim I bring up (fut. § 277, perf. 295) forms eblad, rom-eblad-sa educatus sum (§ 329); sg. 3 toimled, pl. 3 ro tomlithea consumpti sunt (L.U. p. 34, 19), pres. tomlim; while from alim educo ro alt educatus est, pret. active ro alt § 266.

326a. cht comes from a radical guttural and t:

airecht was found, pres. pass. air-ecar I invenitur, perf. act. arnic, tarnic § 299;

furecht was found, pres. act. fo-ric I (i.e. fo-ro-ic) invenit, perf. sg. 3 fornic (for fo-ranic), fut. § 287.

huare ro slechta quia destructi fuerant, perf. act. ro selaig ; lase forruillecta postquam illita sunt (for fo-n-ru-slecta), pres. fo-sligim I delino;

ro-adnacht was buried, pres. sec. pl. 3 no adnaictís I they were burying, fut. § 287, inf. adnacul;

ro-ort was killed, pl. 3 ro orta, pret. act. ro ort § 266, pres. orgaid I caedit, inf. orcun.

326b. ss, s (§ 54) come from a radical dental or s and t: ro fess scitum est, pl. ro fessa, perf. dep. fetar scio (§ 351), inf. fiss;

ro clas, fo-class was dug, imper. pass. sg. 3 cladar I, perf. act. fo-roichlaid effodit § 295;

do-chúas itum est, perf. act. do-chóid, -chúaid he went, adchúas nuntiatum est, perf. act. ad-chúaid nuntiavit;

fo-cress was thrown, pres. act. fo-cheird I he throws, perf. fo-chart I threw (focress with the formation of the radical syllable as in do-breth § 325);

ro-chloss was heard, pres. dep. cloor audio (root clus § 52);

ad-chess, accas visum est, pl. atchessa, pres. act. ad-chiu III, perf. acca vidi, fut. ad-cichset (root cas § 264).

326o. A radical nasal before t disappears with compensatory lengthening (§ 74):

ro chét cantus est, pl. ro chéta, pres. act. canim I, perf. cechan;

do-reiset profusus est (for do-ro-es-set), pres. act. do-esmet I profundunt, fut. pass. § 316 (root sem);

ro-goet, gaet was wounded (§ 74), pres. act. gonim I, perf. § 295, fut. § 280.

326. In such verbs as benim caedo, renim do (§ 261) the nasal does not belong to the root, the characteristic of the preterite passive is directly united to the vowel terminal sound of the same: sg. 3 imm-ruidbed in immum-ruidbed circumcisus sum § 329, pres. im-di-bnim circumcido; pl. 3 ani asatorbatha id ex quo ejecti sunt (for as-an-do-fo-ro-batha), pres. do-fui-bnim succido; pl. 3 ro ratha are granted, pres. renim I give.

327. Most verbs of the II. and III. conjugation, especially all denominative verbs, affix the character t to the stem of the present: ro erbad commissum est, pl. ro airptha, pres. erpimm (§ 35) committo; ro nóibad sanctificatus est, pres. nóibaim II (nóib, nóeb holy); doratad datum est, pl. dorata (§ 64), preterite act. doratus dedi; ro fóided missus est, pl. ru foitea, roitea, pres. fóidim III; du-rolged, -roilged remissum est, pl. dorolgetha, derlaichta, pres. do-luigim III; ro sudiged positus est, pres. sudigim III (sude seat). In the same way is formed ro gníith, ro gníth factum est, pl. cain ro gnata (read gnatha) bene acta sunt Ml. 39a, pres. gníim III; do-rigned factum est, pres. do-gníu, and with another formation do-rónad factum est, pl. dorónta (§ 311).

I. G.

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328. Certain verbs of the I. conjugation have the ₺ not immediately joined to the root: ro-gabad captus est, pres. gabim I capio; foracbad relictus est (for fo-ro-aith-gabad), pres. fácabaim, fácbaim (fo-aith-gabaim) relinquo; pl. dorurgabtha sunt prolata (for do-ro-for-gabtha); ro coscad correptus est, inf. cosc (for con-sech-).

So also perhaps doroigad electus est Ml. 123a, perf. act. do-rói-gu elegit, pres. togu, togaim (root gus § 52), yet it is questionable whether the present belongs to the I. conjugation. The following are isolated forms: frith, fofrith inventum est, pl. foritha, perf. act. fúar inveni § 302.

THE FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS IN THE PASSIVE.

329. In order to express the first and second persons, the proper pronoun is prefixed in its enclitic form to the 3 sg. united to a particle or if the verb is a compound to a preposition (cf. § 201). Paradigms nom berar feror from berim fero, immumruidbed circumcisus sum, preterite (§ 326d) from the compound im-di-bnim circumcido (benim caedo):

Sg. 1 nom berar-sa

2 not berar-su

Pl. 1 non berar-ni

2 nob berar-si

On -sa, -su &c. § 193.

immum-ruidbed

immut-ruidbed

immun-ruidbed

immub-ruidbed.

330. In the same way the remaining tenses of the passive: nob crete credebamini (secondary present), pres. act. cretim III credo; nom linfider-sa complebor, pres. act. línaim II compleo ; nib iccfither nou salvabimini, pres. act. iccaim II salvo; co dobemthar-si defendamini (fut.), fut. act. du-ema vindicabit.

331. The pronoun is also united to the particle do, intercalated with this between preposition and verb: atamroipred consecratus sum Ml. 44°, pres. adopuir offert (§ 35), cotobsechfider instituemini, inf. cosc (that is con-sech) instituere; cotan-rirastar-ni obligemur (§ 323), pres. con-riug ligo; atatchigestar videris (for ad-dot-chichestar), pres. adchíu video.

332. In Modern Irish the independent pronoun in its accusative form is placed after the verb, e. g. molaim II I praise, moltar mé I am praised:

333. The deponent flexion is found in all three conjugations, especially often in denominative verbs of the III. conjugation. The three conjugations are not everywhere marked by distinct forms. On the use of the deponent forms cf. § 253. Paradigms Conj. I sechur sequor, II labrur loquor, III midiur judico :

They

334. The conjunctive forms predominate in use. often stand in a relative position without any preceding particle inti labrathar is qui loquitur; cruthaigedar (Gloss on plasmantis) qui format. The 2 pl. has only an active form in Old Irish; the later deponent forms in -bar, bair seem only

to occur in a preterite sense. absolute forms in -mair, -mir.

In the 1 pl. there are also

In the place of -ur is also found -or, and -ithir instead of -idir, and -edar, -adar instead of -ethar, -athar, cf. § 319. In Middle Irish the 1 sg. in -or, -ur is used in a conjunctive sense : con acor ut videam, co ro acilliur ut appellem.

335. In the 2 sg. in particular, but also in the 3 sg. conjunctive occur noteworthy forms in -ra, -thera, -thre: sg. 2 nit ágara be not afraid S. C. 40; dia n-accara cum videris L. Breac p. 47b, 41; atchithera quos videas L. Breac 43. Examples of such forms are found in the pieces for reading I, 49. Stokes was so kind as to give me the reference to most of them in a letter.

Sg. 3 dianus faccara cum eum viderit L. Breac 69, 28; mada findara in cach "if every one knows or finds out" Sench. M. III p. 12, 23; num sichethre sequatur me Cod. Cam. (Z. p. 1005). For similar forms in the S-future see § 344.

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336. Verbs which have more or less consequent deponent forms:

adgládur I appello, 3 ad-gladathar, conj. sg. 1 co ro acilliur ut appellem (§ 334), past § 339, fut. § 346, pass. pres. sg. 3 adgládar, inf. accaldam;

águr, adagur I timeo, 3 ní agathar, conj. sg. 2 ni aigther ne timeas, nit ágara § 335, fut. § 341, inf. aigthiu;

cloor I hear, conj. sg. 2 con dam chloither-sa ut audias me Ml. 21o, 3; ro dam cloathar qui me audiat, fut. § 346;

clunim I hear, 3 nís cluinethar non audit, conj. sg. 3 ro dom cluinedar qui me audiat, perf. § 301, pass. pres. sg. 3 ni cluiner (later cluinter) non auditur;

ad-chíu, déccu III video, conj. sg. 1 con acor, accur ut videam (§ 334), 2 dia n-accara, atchithera (§ 335), 3 con accadar ut videat, pl. 1 mani decamar nisi attendamus, perf. § 295, fut. § 346 and § 288;

do-moiniur III puto, 2 domointer, 3 do-aith-minedar commonet, conj. pl. 1 con der-manammar ut obliviscamur, perf. § 347, pass. pres. sg. 3 fur-aith-menter (fut. § 316);