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the acquaintance of all persons there, eminent for their knowledge of geography and maritime history.

On his return from France, in 1588, Hakluyt was appointed by Sir Walter Raleigh one of the society of counsellors, assistants, and adventurers, to whom he assigned his patent for the prosecution of discoveries in America. He had, a few years previously to this appointment, published two small volumes of voyages to America; but these are now included in a much larger work in three volumes, the last of which was published in 1600, and the other two during the two previous years. The title which the whole bears is, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea or Over Land, to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth, within the compass of these 1500 years. In the first volume are contained accounts of voyages to the north and northeast; the true state of Iceland; the defeat of the Spanish Armada; and the expedition of the Earl of Essex to Cadiz. In the second, the author relates accounts of voyages to the south and south-east; and in the third he gives the particulars connected with expeditions to North America, the West Indies, and round the world. The work contains narratives of nearly two hundred and twenty voyages, beside many relative documents, such as patents, instructions, and letters. To this collection all the subsequent compilers in this department of history have been largely indebted. In his preface, the author strongly evinces the ardor of his feelings, and presents the following interesting summary of the foreign relations of England at that period. 'Which of the kings of England before Her Majesty,' he remarks, 'displayed their banners in the Caspian Sea? Which of them have traded with the emperor of Persia, and obtained for her merchants numerous and important privileges? Who, at any time before, beheld an English regiment in the stately porch of the Grand Signior at Constantinople? Who ever found English consuls and commercial agents at Tripolis in Syria; at Aleppo, at Babylon, at Balsara: and still more, who, before this period, ever heard of Englishmen at Goa? What English ships did heretofore anchor in the great river Plate, pass and repass the straits of Magellan, range along the coasts of Chili, Peru, and all the western side of New Spain, farther indeed than the vessels of any other nation had ever ventured; traverse the immense surface of the South Sea, land upon the Lazones, in despite of the enemy; enter into alliances, amity, and traffic with the princes of the Moluccas, and the Isle of Java; double the famous Cape of Good Hope, arrive at the isle of St. Helena, and last of all, return home richly laden with the commodities of China.' This work, however, as a whole, embracing five quarto volumes, is too prolix to be interesting.

Hakluyt was the author, also, of translations of two foreign works on Florida; and, when in Paris, he published an enlarged edition of a history in the Latin language, entitled De Rebus Oceanicis et Orbe Nevo, by Martyr, an Italian author. This work was afterward translated into English by one Lok, a person of whom no farther mention is made. In 1601, Hakluyt

published the Discoveries of the World, from the First Original to the Year of our Lord 1555, translated, with additions, from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano, governor of Ternate, in the East Indies. In 1605, he was made prebendary of Westminster, which, with the rectory of Wetheringset in Suffolk, already alluded to, was the only ecclesiastical promotion that he ever received. Hakluyt died on the twenty-third of November, 1616, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, amid the tombs of other illustrious dead. At his death, his manuscript remains, which were very numerous, fell into the hands of Purchas, a brother clergyman, by whom they were afterward dispersed through his own four volumes of voyages and discoveries.

SAMUEL PURCHAS was born at Thaxstead, Essex, in 1577, and was educated at Cambridge; but in what college does not appear. Soon after he left the university he entered into holy orders, and, in 1604, obtained the vicarage of Eastwood in Essex. This, however, he soon resigned in favor of his brother, and removed to London, the better to prosecute his studies. In 1615, he was incorporated at Oxford, bachelor of divinity, having previously received the same honor from the university of Cambridge. He was, at about the same period, made rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, in London, and chaplain to Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Though Purchas, during his whole clerical life, strictly fulfilled the sacred functions of his ministry, yet he still devoted much time to the reading of accounts of voyages, and travels, and to the study of the geography of foreign countries. In 1613, before Hakluyt's death, he published a volume under the title of Purchas his Pilgrimage; or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in all Ages and Places Discovered from the Creation unt this Present; and, in 1625, appeared his great work, a history of voya es in four volumes, entitled Purchas his Pilgrimage. These two works form a continuation of Hakluyt's collection, but on a more extended plan, and in point of merit they are strikingly similar. Purchas has, however, one trait peculiar to himself,-that of interlarding theological reflections and discussions with his narratives. His death occurred in 1628, not in prison, as has often been asserted, but at his own residence in London, and in the fifty-second year of his age.

Besides his great work, Purchas wrote Microcosmus, or the History of Man, and a Funeral Sermon, both of which were published in 1619: he also produced the King's Tower and Triumphant Arch of London, which appeared in 1623. He was a writer of much ingenuity, of which the following quaint analogy of the sea from his 'Pilgrimage' is certain proof:

THE SEA.

As God hath combined the sea and land into one globe, so their joint combination and mutual assistance is necessary to secular happiness and glory. The sea covereth one half of this patrimony of man, whereof God set him in possession when he said, 'Replenish the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea,

and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.' Thus should man at once lose half his inheritance, if the art of navigation did not enable him to manage this untamed beast, and with the bridle of the winds and saddle of his shipping, to make him serviceable. Now, for the services of the sea, they are innumerable: it is the great purveyor of the world's commodities to our use; conveyor of the excess of rivers; uniter, by traffic, of all nations: it presents the eye with diversified colours and motions, and is, as it were, with rich brooches, adorned with various islands. It is an open field for merchandise in peace; a pitched field for the most dreadful fights of war; yields diversity of fish and fowl for diet; materials for wealth, medicine for health, simples for medicines, pearls, and other jewels for ornament; amber and ambergrise for delight; 'the wonders of the Lord in the deep' for instruction, variety of creatures for use, multiplicity of natures for contemplation, diversity of accidents for admiration, compendiousness to the way, to full bodies healthful evacuation, to the thirsty earth fertile moisture, to distant friends pleasant meeting, to weary persons delightful refreshing, to studious and religious minds a map of knowledge, mystery of temperance, exercise of continence; school of prayer, meditation, devotion, and sobriety; refuge to the distressed, portage to the merchant, passage to the traveller, customs to the prince; springs, lakes, rivers to the earth; it hath on it tempests and calms to chastise the sins, to exercise the faith, of seamen; manifold affections in itself, to affect and stupify the subtlest philosopher; sustaineth movable fortresses for the soldier; maintaineth (as in our island) a wall of defence and watery garrison to guard the state; entertains the sun with vapours, the moon with obsequiousness, the stars also with a natural looking-glass; the sky with clouds, the air with temperateness, the soil with suppleness, the rivers with tides, the hills with moisture, the valleys with fertility; containeth most diversified matter for meteors, most multiform shapes, most various, numerous kinds, most immense, difformed, deformed, unformed monsters; once (for why should I longer detain you?) the sea yields action to the body, meditation to the mind, the world to the world, all parts thereof to each part, by this art of arts, navigation.

We have still to notice, briefly, before we conclude our present remarks, two very remarkable travellers, the one by sea and the other by land— Davis and Sandys-the former being one of those intrepid navigators of Elizabeth's reign whose adventures are recorded by Hakluyt, and the latter a son of the Archbishop of York, and author of a well-known metrical translation of Ovid's Metamorphosis.' We shall allude to Lithgow also, a Scottish contemporary adventurer.

JOHN DAVIS was born in the county of Devonshire, about the middle of the sixteenth century, but of what parentage is unknown. In 1585, and during the two following years, he made three voyages in search of a northwest passage to China, and discovered the straits at the entrance of Hudson's Bay, to which his name still remains attached. In 1595, he himself published a small and now exceedingly rare volume, entitled The World's Hydrographical Description, wherein,' as the title-page informs us, 'is proued not onely by aucthoritie of writers, but also by late experience of trauellers, and reasons of substantiall probabilitie, that the worlde in all his zones, clymates, and places, is habitable and inhabited, and the seas likewise universally nauigable, without any naturall anoyance to hinder the

same; whereby appeares that from England there is a short and speedie passage into the South Seas to China, Molacca, Phillipina, and India, by northerly navigation, to the renowne, honour, and benefit of her maiesties state and communalty.' In corroboration of these positions, he gives a short narrative of his voyages, which, notwithstanding the unsuccessful termination of them all, he considers to afford very strong arguments in favor of the north-west passage. The extract from this narrative, which follows, with its original spelling, forms an interesting specimen of the style in which such relations, in the age of Elizabeth, were written. Davis afterward made five voyages as a pilot to the East Indies, and was killed in 1605, in a skirmish with some Japanese, off the coast of Molucca.

FROM ONE OF DAVIS'S VOYAGES.

Departing from Dartmouth, through God's merciful fauour I ariued to the place of fishing and there according to my direction I left the 2 shipps to follow that busines, taking their faithful promise not to depart vntill my returne vnto them, which shoulde bee in the fine of August, and so in the barke I proceeded for the discouery, but after my departure in sixteen dayes the shippes had finished their voyage, and so presently departed for England, without regard of their promise. My selfe, not distrusting any such hard measure, proceeded in the discouerie and followed my course in the free and open sea, betweene North and Nor west, to the latitude of sixtie seuen degrees, and there I might see America west from me, and Desolation east; then when I saw the land of both sides, I began to distrust that it would prooue but a gulfe. Notwithstanding, desirous to knowe the full certaintye, I proceeded, and in sixtie eight degrees the passage enlarged, so that I could not see the westerne shore; thus I continued to the latitude of seuentie fiue degrees, in a great sea, free from yse, coasting the western shore of Desolation. The people came continually rowing out vnto me in their Canoas, twenty, forty, and one hundred at a time, and would giue me fishe dried, Samon, Samon peale, cod, Caplin, Lumpe, stone base, and such like, besides diuers kindes of birdes, as Partrig, Fesant, Gulls, sea birdes, and other kindes of fleshe. I still laboured by signes to knowe from them what they knew of any sea towards the North. They still made signes of a great sea as we vnderstood them; then I departed from that coast, thinking to discouer the North parts of America, and after I had sayled towards the west neere fortie leages I fell upon a great banke of yse; the wind being North and blewe much, I was constrained to coast the same towardes the South, not seeing any shore West from me, neither was there any yse towards the North, but a great sea, free, large, very salt and blue and of an unsearchable depth. So coasting towardes the South, I came to the place wher I left the shippes to fishe, but found them not. Then being forsaken and left in this distresse referring my selfe to the mercifull prouidence of God, shaped my course for England, and vnhoped for of any, God alone releuing me, I ariued at Dartmouth. By this last discouerie it seemed most manifest that the passage was free and without impediment towards the North, but by reason of the spanish fleete and unfortunate time of master Secretoryes death, the voyage was omitted and neuer sithens attempted.

GEORGE SANDYS was the youngest son of Sandys, Archbishop of York, and was born at Bishops-Thorpe, Yorkshire, in 1578. His mind developed at so early a period, that he entered Hart-Hall College, Oxford, when only in the eleventh year of his age. He afterward removed to Cor

pus-Christi College, but whether he took a university degree or not is uncertain. A restless curiosity to visit foreign countries induced him to leave England for this purpose, and in August, 1610, he embarked for the continent. He travelled through the northern European states, thence down to Constantinople and Greece, and from the latter he visited Egypt and Palestine. Returning by the way of Italy, he passed thence through France to his native country, where he was received with strong demonstrations of approbation. King James soon after took him into his confidence, and Charles the First made him one of the members of his privy chamber. Sandys died in March, 1643, at Boxley-Abbey, in Kent, the seat of his niece, Lady Margaret Wyat.

In 1615, Sandys published an account of his travels, entitled A Relation of a Journey began Anno Domino, 1610, Four Books Containing a Description of the Turkish Empire of Egypt, of the Holy Land, of the Remote Parts of Italy, and Islands adjoining. This work was so popular as to reach a seventh edition in 1673-a distinction not undeserved, since as Kerr in his Catalogue of Voyages and Travels, has remarked, 'Sandys was an accomplished gentleman, well prepared by previous study, for his travels; which are distinguished by erudition, sagacity, and a love of truth, and are written in a pleasant style.' He devoted particular attention to the allusions of the ancient poets to the various localities through which he passed; and in his dedication to Prince Charles he thus refers to this subject:

MODERN STATE OF ANCIENT COUNTRIES.

The parts I speak of are the most renowned countries and kingdoms: once the seats of most glorious and triumphant empires; the theatres of valour and heroical actions; the soils enriched with all earthly felicities; the places where Nature hath produced her wonderful works; where arts and sciences have been invented and perfected; where wisdom, virtue, policy, and civility, have been planted, have flourished; and, lastly, where God himself did place his own commonwealth, gave laws and oracles, inspired his prophets, sent angels to converse with men; above all, where the Son of God descended to become man; where he honored the earth with his beautiful steps, wrought the works of our redemption, triumphed over death, and ascended into glory: which countries, once so glorious and famous for their happy estate, are now, through vice and ingratitude, become the most deplored spectacles of extreme misery; the wild beasts of mankind having broken in upon them, and rooted out all civility, and the pride of a stern and barbarous tyrant possessing the thrones of ancient and just dominions. Who, aiming only at the height of greatness and sensuality, hath in tract of time reduced so great and goodly a part of the world to that lamentable distress and servitude, under which (to the astonishment of the understanding beholder) it now faints and groaneth. Those rich lands, at this present remain waste and overgrown with bushes, receptacles of wild beasts, of thieves and murderers; large territories dispeopled, or thinly inhabited; goodly cities made desolate; sumptuous buildings become ruins; glorious temples either subverted, or prostituted to impiety; true religion discountenanced and oppressed; all nobility extinguished; no light of learning permitted, nor virtue cherished; violence and rapine insulting over all, and leaving no security except to an abject mind, and unlooked-on poverty; which calamities of theirs, so great and deserved, are to the rest of the world as threatening instructions. For assistance wherein, I have

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