Impact of Technology on Geophysics

accuracy accurate advances analysis analyzed anvil application areas atmosphere Chapter chemical continental drift crust crustal determine devices disciplines earth earthquakes elastic electron electron microprobe example experiments exploration Figure forecasts geochemistry geodesy geodetic geological geomagnetic geophysical global gravity high-pressure hydrologic Impact of Technology important improved instruments ionospheric ions isotopes kbar laboratory laser lunar magnetic field magnetometers magnetosphere major mantle mass spectrometer materials Mbar measurements ment meteorology methods microprobe minerals models monitor moon motion observations ocean oceanic crust oceanography optical orbital paleomagnetic petrology planetary planetology planets plate tectonics possible prediction pressure probes problems processes properties quasars radar radiation radio recording rocks samples satellite scientific scientists seafloor spreading seismic seismology sensors solar solar-planetary physics space spacecraft structure surements surface Surface-water hydrology surveys techniques tectonophysics temperature tion U.S. Geological Survey variations velopment volcanic volcanology waves weather x-ray