Shipping and Communications. Shipping entered and cleared, 1920, 18,215,605 tons (British, 7,565,9291 tous). In 1919, the total tonnage was 17,708,617, and British, 13,131,162. On January 1, 1921, 122 sailing vessels of 10,877 tons, and 7 steamers of 737 tous net, total vessels 129 of 11,614 tons net, were registered as belonging to Ceylon. 728 miles of railway were open at September 30, 1920, and several extensions are under construction. In 1920 there were 561 post offices of various classes; money order offices, 195; telegraph offices, 160; postal packets or postcards passed through the post office, 49,000,000 (exclusive of parcels). 7,558 miles of telegraph wire; telegrams dispatched, 1, 463,012. 1 Excluding vessels which called to coal. Money and Credit. Seven banks have establishments in Ceylon: the Mercantile Bank of India, the Imperial Bank of India, the National Bank of India, the Bank of Colombo, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Eastern Bauk. The Ceylon Savings Bank on December 31, 1920, had 40,670 depositors, and deposits amounting to Rs. 4,293,805; and the Post Office Savings Bank, 126,089 depositors, and deposits, Rs. 4,190,659. The weights and measures of Ceylon are the same as those of the United Kingdom. The currency consists of:-Copper: Ceylon 1-cent and -cent pieces, 6 cents being equivalent to 1d. English. Nickel: Ceylon 5-cent picce. Silver: Indian rupee (= 100 cents), equivalent (by Ordinance No. 6 of 1903) to 1s. 4d. English; and Ceylon 50-cent, 25-cent, and 10-cent pieces. Ceylon Government currency notes of Rs. 1,000, 100, 50, 10, 5, 2, and 1. On September 30, 1920, the value of currency notes in circulation was Rs. 47,190,289. Dependency. The Maldive Islands, 400 miles west of Ceylon, are governed by an elected Sultan, who resides in the island of Male, and pays a yearly tribute to the Ceylon Government. Next to the Sultan is the first Wazir, or Prime Minister, then the Fandiari, the head priest or judge, and besides them 6 Wazirs or Ministers of State. The Maldives are a group of 13 coral islets (atolls), richly clothed with cocoa-nut palms, and yielding millet, fruit, and edible nuts. Population over 70,000 Mohammedans. The people are civilised, and are great navigators and traders. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Ceylon. Administration Reports of Ceylon. Annual. Blue Book of Ceylon. Annual General Report "Times of Ceylon" Green Book. Annual. First issue 1921. Decennial Census of Ceylon. Ceylon Sessional Papers. Annual. Colonial Office List. Annual. London. Statistics of Ceylon; in 'Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom.' Annual. London. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. By Professor Herdman. London, 1903-5.-Correspondence relating to Agreement for Lease of Pearl Fisheries on the Coast of Ceylon. Cd. 2906, 1906. London.Reports on the Results of the Mineral Survey in 1903-4, and 1904-5. Colonial Reports, London, 1905 and 1906. Burrows (S. M.), The Buried Cities of Ceylon: a Guide-book to Anuradhapura, &c London. Carpenter (E.), From Adam's Peak to Elephanta. London, 1904. 2nd Edition. Cave (H. W.), The Ruined Cities of Ceylon. New ed. London, 1900.--Golden Tips Ceylon and its Tea Industry. London, 1900.-The Book of Ceylon. London, 1913. Ferguson (J.), The Ceylon Handbook and Directory. Colombo and London. Annual. Gardiner (J. S.), The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1901-1905. Gordon-Cumming (Miss E.), Two Happy Years in Ceylon. 2 vols. Edinburgh 1892. Tennant (E.), History of Ceylon. London, 1859. Wickremasinghe (Don M. de Z.), Epigraphia Zeylanica. London, 1917. The Mahavansa-An Historical Narrative of Sinhalese Kings of Ceylon, from 543 B.C. to 1818 A.D. Translated by Turnour and Wijesinh; another Translation by Prof. W. Geiger, 1912. Christmas Island. See STRaits SettlemeNTS. CYPRUS. High Commissioner.-M. Stevenson, C. M. G. Salary, 3,0001., and Duty Allowance, 6007. Chief Secretary.-J. C. D. Fenn. Salary, 1,4007. The island is the third largest in the Mediterranean, 40 miles from the coast of Asia Minor and 60 from the coast of Syria. It was administered until November 5, 1914, by Great Britain, under a convention concluded with the Sultan of Turkey at Constantinople, June 4, 1878, but on the outbreak of hostilities with Turkey on November 5, 1914, the island was annexed. The High Commissioner has the usual powers of a Colonial Governor. There is an Executive Council, consisting of the Chief Secretary, the King's Advocate, the Treasurer, with three locally resident additional members. The Legislature consists of eighteen members, six being office holders, including the Chief Secretary, the King's Advocate, and the Treasurer, and twelve elected (for five years), three by Mohammedan and nine by non-Mohammedan voters. The voters are all male British subjects, or foreigners twenty-one years of age, who have resided five years, and are payers of any of the taxes known as 'Verghis.' Municipal councils exist in the principal towns, elected practically by all resident householders and ratepayers. Those eligible to the council must be voters rated upon property of the annual value of from 10l. to 201., according to population. Area 3,584 square miles. Population, Census 1911-159,383 males, 134,725 females; total, 274, 108 (including 144 military population). Mohammedans (Ottoman Turks) 56,428; Christians (Autocephalous Church of Cyprus), 214, 480; others, 3,200. Inhabitants per square mile, 76-48. Preliminary Return of 1921 Census: 310,808. Birth-rate, 1920, 28-7 per 1,000; death rate, 23-2. The principal towns are Nicosia (the capital), 18, 461; Larnaca, 10,652; Limasol, 11,843; Famagusta and Varoshia, 6,127; Paphos and Ktema, 3,946; Kyrenia, 1,986. There are six administrative districts named after these towns. The system of elementary education is designed so that each race in the island has its own schools. Besides elementary schools there were in 1920-21 3 Gymnasiums, a commercial Lyceum, 2 Greek high schools' for boys and a ' high school' for girls, a Priests' Training School, and two Moslem High Schools, one for boys and one for girls. The Government contributed (1920-21) 17,7701. to education. Total expenditure on elementary and secondary education, 80,000l. Total number of elementary schools in 1919-20, 739 (501 Greek-Christian, 231 Moslem, 3 Armenian and 4 Maronite); teachers, 964 in elementary schools, of whom 674 were Greek-Christian and 278 Moslem. Total enrolment in elementary schools, 42,397, comprising 7,130 Moslem, 35,000 Greek-Christian, 170 Armenian, and 130 Maronites. There are 11 weekly newspapers in Greek. The law courts consist of (1) a supreme court of civil and criminal appeal; (2) six assize courts, having unlimited criminal jurisdiction; (3) six district courts, having limited criminal jurisdiction and unlimited civil jurisdiction; (4) six magisterial courts with summary jurisdiction; (5) ten village judges' courts. In all, except supreme court, native (Christian and Mohammedan) judges take part. There are also 4 Sheri Courts, for Mohammedans only, which administer the Moslem Sheri or ecclesiastical law. In the year 1920-21 the number of offences was 12,948, and the number of persons committed to prison was 2,587. Strength of police force, March 31, 1921, 27 officers and 807 men; total, 834. The revenue and expenditure for five years, ended March 31, exclusive of Grant-in-Aid, and share of the Turkish debt charge, were: Chief sources of revenue, 1920-21:-Tithes, 164, 1027.; excise, 74,6657.; customs, 110,3911.; sheep, goat, and pig taxes, 12,7937. ; verghis, 29,012/.; court receipts and stamps, 31,4671.; port dues, &c., 10,0217.; railway, 32,7771. Customs revenue: 1916-17, 44, 4257.; 1917-18, 50,4347.; 1918-19, 42,3687.; 1919-20, 80,2947.; 1920-21, 110,3917.; Cyprus share of Turkish national debt, 92,8007. per year (excluded from above table). Public debt, 1920-21, 221,4347., for harbour, railways, and irrigation. Annual grant from imperial funds to revenue (not included above), 50,0007. per year. Cyprus is essentially agricultural. Chief products in 1920: wheat, 2,425,000 kiles; barley, 2,145,000 kiles; vetches, 173,000 kiles; oats, 209,000 kiles; olives, cotton. Grapes are produced in large quantities. Other products are raisins, carobs (locust beans), fruit, linseed, silk, cheese, wool, hides, and (by the Department of Agriculture) origanum oil. In 1921 there were 300,415 sheep, and 217,883 goats. One-third of cultivable land is under cultivation. There are irrigation works for the storage and distribution of rain-water. The Forest Department has done much for the preservation and development of the forests existing at the time of the British occupation, and for the re-afforestation of denuded districts. The area of delimited forest is 700 square miles. Sponge fisheries are carried on, the take in 1920 being about 11,000 sponges (70 lbs). Gypsum, terra umbra and marble are found in abundance; mining for copper has commenced; asbestos is mined, 21,386 cwts. being exported in 1917; 4,556 cwts. in 1918; 26,613 cwts. in 1919, and 17,924 cwts. in 1920. The commerce, and the shipping, exclusive of coasting trade, for five calendar years were:- Imports Exports 619,337 968,168 1,013,582 1,525,427 2,068,759 620,591 787,922 861,345 1,371,580 1,200,449 Bullion and specie: The import value is that at the port of arrival, and includes cost, freight, and other charges; the export value is that at the port of shipment when the goods are ready for exportation. Quantities and values are ascertained from declarations by importers and exporters, verified in the case of dutiable imports by actual weighing and measuring. The countries of origin and of destination of goods are also obtained from declarations checked by invoices or bills of lading when necessary. Chief imports, 1920 :-Beans and Peas, 18,6547.; butter, 20,0417.; coffee, raw, 33,6457.; flour, 273,1597.; fish, 17,371.; olive oil, 20, 2177.; provisions, 49,2497.; rice, 32,4207.; sugar, 86, 2057.; tobacco in leaf, 42,6287.; chemical manure, 31,5781.; hides and skins, 13, 2697.; petroleum, 64,1327.; iron and steel manufactures, 27,8127.; machinery, 35,2067.; cotton yarn and thread, 110,7957.; cotton piece goods, 208, 6087.; haberdashery and millinery, 38.7627.; sacks, 37,0801.; silk manufactures, 22,3791.; woollen manufactures, 95,5417.; motor car, 39, 4017.; glassware, 29, 5487. ; india-rubber manufactures, 15,9927.; leather and leather manufactures, 120,570.; matches, 10,9387.; medicines, 17,9737.; paper (cigarette), 14,872.; soap, 48,5437. Chief exports, 1920 :-Animals, 33, 4437.; lemons and oranges, 18,6307.; pomegranates, 39,0851.; raisins, 70,3157.; spirit, 37,5801.; wine, 133,7087., potatoes, 62,6721.; carobs, 413,6267.; cotton, 0,7261.; silk cocoons, 30,5561.; hides and skins, 17,7931.; asbestos, 29,4847.; terra umbra, 27,7307.; cotton manufactures, 20,9657.; gypsum, 10,4517. Imports from United Kingdom, exclusive of specie, 1920, 774,2687. Exports to United Kingdom, exclusive of specie, 1920, 257,4497. The Bank of Cyprus, the Imperial Ottoman Bank and the Bank of Athens have establishments in the island. The Government Savings Bank (begun in 1903) had, at the end of March, 1921, 296 depositors, with 19,5447. to their credit. Coins current-Cyprus silver, namely, 18 copper piastres, 9 c.p., 4 c. p. and 3 c.p. (9 piastres = one shilling). Government currency notes, of 10., 5l., 17., 10s., 5s., 2s., and 1s. denominations, are also in circulation under Proclamations under martial law, the value at March 31, 1921, being 526,5397. Weights and measures are as follows: A There are 746 miles of good carriage road, exclusive of village roads; 245 miles of telegraph lines; cable connects with Alexandria. narrow gauge Government railway runs from Famagusta (where harbour works were completed in 1906) through Nicosia and Morphou to Evrykhou (76 miles). Total number of letters, postcards, newspapers, book-packets, and parcels delivered in Cyprus, 1920-21: local, 1,552,789; received from I abroad, 865,471; posted for foreign countries, 524,970. extensively used for the conduct of government business. Books of Reference concerning Cyprus. Annual Report of H.M.'s High Commissioner. Telephones are Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. Annual. London. Baedeker's "Palestine and Syria, including the Island of Cyprus." 5th ed. 1912. Cobham (C.D.), An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus. 5th ed. Cambridge, 1908. Excerpta Cypria: A Collection of Materials for the History of Cyprus. Cambridge, 1908. Deschamps (E.), Au Pays d'Aphrodite. Paris, 1898. Hackett (J.), History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. London, 1901. Jeffrey (G. E.), The Present Condition of the Ancient Architectural Monuments of Cyprus. Oxford, 1910.-Historic Monuments of Cyprus. Cyprus, 1918. Luke (H. C.), Cyprus under the Turks. Oxford, 1921. Luke (HC) and Jardine (D. J.), The Handbook of Cyprus. Macmillan's Guides: The Eastern Mediterranean. London. London, 1920. Mariti (G.), Travels in Cyprus. [Translated from the Italian.] Cambridge, 1909. THE Crown Colony of Hong Kong was ceded by China to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession was confirmed by the treaty of Nanking, in August, 1842; and the charter bears date April 5, 1843. Hong Kong is the great centre for British commerce with China and Japan, and a military and naval station of first-class importance. The administration is in the hands of a Governor, aided by an Executive Council, composed of the General Officer Commanding the Troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Treasurer, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, and the Director of Public Works (the last two being special appointments), and three unofficial members. There is also a Legislative Council, presided over by the Governor, and composed of the General Officer Commanding the Troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Treasurer, the Director of Public Works, the Director of Education, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs (the last three being special appointments), and six unofficial members-viz., four nominated by the Crown (two of whom are Chinese), one nominated by the Chamber of Commerce, and one by the Justices of the Peace. Governor-Sir R. E. Stubbs, K. C. M. G. Appointed 1919. Salary 6,000l., including 1,2001. allowance. Area and Population. Hong Kong is situated at the mouth of the Canton River, about 90 miles south of Canton. The island is an irregular and broken ridge, stretching nearly east and west about 11 miles, its breadth from 2 to 5 miles, and its area rather more than 32 square miles; separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, the Lyeemoon Pass, about half a mile in width. The opposite peninsula of Kowloon, on the mainland, was ceded to Great Britain by treaty in 1861, and now forms part of Hong Kong. The city of Victoria extends for upwards of five miles along the southern shore of the beautiful harbour. By a convention signed at Peking on June 9, 1898, there was |