Lausanne, 1912. Nolde (Baron Boris), L'Ukraine sous le protectorat russe. Rudintzky (Stephen), Ukraine, the Land and its people. Sands (B), The Ukraine. London, 1914. Savtchenko (T.), L'Ukraine et la question Ukrainienne. Paris, 1918. Sembratorytch (R.), Le tsarisme et l'Ukraine. Paris, 1907. Shafarenko (1.), The Natural Resources of the Ukraine. Stebnitsky (P.), L'Ukraine et les Ukrainiens. Berne, 1919. Tyszkiewicz (Comte Michel), Documents historiques sur l'Ukraine et ses relations avec la Pologne, la Russie et la Suède (1569–1764). Lausanne, 1919.-La Littérature Ukrainienne. Berne, 1919. London, 1920. SALVADOR. (REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR.) Constitution and Government.-In 1839 the Central American Federation, which had comprised the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, was dissolved, and Salvador became an independent Republic. Efforts were made in 1921 to re-establish the Central American Republic, but these failed (see Introductory pages to this volume). The Constitution of San Salvador, proclaimed in 1824 under the Federation, and modified in 1859, 1864, 1871, 1872, 1880, 1883, and 1886, vests the legislative power in a Congress of 42 Deputies, 3 for each department. The election is for one year, and by universal suffrage. The executive is in the hands of a President, whose tenure of office is limited to four years. President of the Republic.-Jorge Meléndez. Term of office, from March 1, 1919, to March 1, 1923. Born April 15, 1871. Vice-President.-Dr. Alfonso Quinónez Molina. The administrative affairs of the Republic are carried on, under the President, by a ministry of four members, having charge of the departments of:-Foreign relations, Justice, and Instruction; War and Marine Interior, Government and Agriculture; Finance, Charities, and Public Credit. Area and Population.-The area of the Republic is 34,155 square kilometres, or 13,183 English square miles, divided into .14 departments. Estimated population (Jan. 1, 1922), 1,501,000. Aboriginal and mixed races constitute the bulk of the population, Ladinos or Mestizos being returned as numbering 772,200, and Indians 234,648. The capital is San Salvador, with 80,756 inhabitants. Other towns are Santa Ana, population 60,679; San Miguel, 30,406; Nueva San Salvador, 23,291; San Vicente, 26,881; Sonsonate, 14,752. On June 7, 1917, an earthquake and volcanic eruption did much damage to the capital, and partially destroyed the towns of Néjapa (6,012 inhabitants), Quetzaltepeque (15,804 inhabitants), and Armenia (13,291 inhabitants). A still greater earthquake overtook the city of San Salvador on April 28, 1919. The number of births in 1920 was 54,775; the number of deaths 31,440; the number of marriages, 3,596. Of the births in 1920, 27,999 were males, and 26,976 were females. Of the births, 41-3 per cent. were legitimate, and 58 7 per cent. illegitimate. Of the deaths, 16,495 were males and 14,975 females. RELIGION-FINANCE-DEFENCE-PRODUCTION 1271 Religion, Instruction and Justice.-The dominant religion is Roman Catholicism. There is an archbishop in San Salvador and a bishop at Santa Ana and San Miguel respectively. Education is free and obligatory. There were in Salvador, in 1920, 805 primary schools, with 1,013 teachers and 49,406 enrolled pupils. There were also 27 higher schools (including 2 normal and 3 technical schools) with 2,345 pupils in 1916, and a National University with faculties of jurisprudence, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and engineering. Expenditure on public instruction in 1919, 134,8507. Justice is administered by the Supreme Court of Justice, one court of third instance (in the capital) and several courts of first and second instance, besides a number of minor courts. All judges of second and third instance are elected by the National Assembly for a term of 2 years, while the judges of first instance are appointed by the Supreme Court for a similar period. In 1918, 2,005 crimes of all kinds were committed in the Republic. Finance.-Revenue and expenditure for five years : The total outstanding debt on December 31, 1920, was 29,232,313 colones, of which 15,793,913 colonos were internal debt, and 13,348,400 colones external debt. Defence. The army may be divided into three parts: (1) available force, 78 officers, 512 petty officers, and 15,554 men; (2) forces that can be made available at short notice, 49 officers, 356 petty officers, and 4,000 men; (3) reserve force, 251 officers, 1,743 petty officers, and 15,554 men. Total, 378 officers, 2,611 petty officers, and 75,705 men. In case of war, military service is compulsory from 18 to 50 years of age. Production and Commerce.-The population of Salvador is largely engaged in agriculture. The chief product is coffee, under which in 1920 there were about 183,332 acres, with some 100,000,000 trees. Other agricultural products are cheese, cacao, rubber, tobacco, sugar. Efforts are made towards wheat cultivation. In 1908 there were 284,013 head of cattle, 74,336 horses, 21,457 sheep, and 422,980 pigs. In the national forests are found dye woods and such hard woods as mahogany, cedar, and walnut. Balsam trees also abound. The mineral wealth of the Republic includes gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury. Mining operations of gold and silver are growing in importance, especially in the departments of Morazán, San Miguel, and La Union. The imports subject to duty and the exports have been as follows in five years (in pounds sterling): The trade is chiefly with the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The chief imports in 1919 were cottons, hardware, flour, drugs and chemical products. The chief exports in 1919 were coffee, 33,052,910 kilos, valued at 10,467,715 gold dollars; indigo 325,627 kilos, valued at 769,054 gold dollars; sugar, 3,768,756 kilos, valued at 771,490 gold dollars. Other exports are silver, balsam, hemp, hides, rubber and henequén. Of the total coffee exported, 53.3 per cent. went to the United States; 4:51 per cent. to Norway; 2 per cent. to Holland; 29 per cent. to France; and 1.65 per cent. to Great Britain. Total trade between Salvador and the U.K. (Board of Trade Returns) for 5 years : Shipping and Communications.-In 1920, 520 steamers entered at the ports of the Republic, with a tonnage of 657,396. A railway connects the port of Acajutla with Santa Ana and La Ceiba ; with this system San Salvador, the capital, is connected-a distance of 65 miles. Another line (the International Railways of Central America) runs from the eastern to the western boundary of Salvador. The first section (La Union to San Miguel, 40 miles), was completed in 1912; the second (San Miguel to Zacatecoluca and San Vicente) in 1915; the third (San Vicente to Cojutepeque) in 1920. The length of the line is at present 133 miles; when completed it will be 151 miles. Another short railway connects the capital with Santa Tecla. Total length of railway open (1918), 213 mites all of narrow gauge. There are 1,476 miles of good road in the Republic. In 1919 there were 162 post offices, which received 3,035,718 pieces of mail matter and despatched 4,318,139 pieces. In 1919 there were 229 telegraph offices and 2,351 miles of telegraph wire, over which passed 1,516,333 telegrams. There are 220 telephone stations and 1,321 miles of telephone line. Three wireless stations are in operation in San Salvador. Money, Weights, and Measures. MONEY. There are 3 banks of issue, the Banco Salvadoreño (paid-up capital, 3,500,000 pesos silver), Banco Occidental (paid-up capital, 4,000,000 pesos silver), and Banco Agricola Commercial (paid-up capital, 1,300,000 pesos silver). On December 31, 1920, they had notes in circulation to the value of 8,219,410 colones. In August, 1897, a law was passed adopting the gold standard. The import of debased silver coin is prohibited. In October, 1899, the Salvador mint, formerly the property of a company, was transferred to the Govern ment. According to the law of July 16, 1920, the theoretical monetary unit of Salvador is the colon, a coin containing 836 milligrams of gold 900 milesimos fine. The colon, which represents 100 centavos, will be issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 colones. Auxiliary silver coins are to be minted in denominations of 20, 50, and 100 centavos each, and nickel coins in denominations of 1, 3, 5, and 10 centavos each. DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES-BOOKS OF REFERENCE 1273 National gold coins and gold coins of the United States of all denominations are unlimited legal tender, the United States coins having a fixed value of 2 colones to the dollar. National and United States silver coins are legal tender in an amount representing up to 10 per cent. of each payment, and national nickel coins in amounts up to 2 per cent. of each payment. The coinage of silver must not exceed 10 per cent of the total fiduciary circulation, and that of nickel must not be in excess of 5 per cent. of said circulation, and in no case shall nickel be coined in an amount exceeding 1,000,000 colones. With the exception of United States gold and silver coin, foreign money is not a legal tender in the Republic, and payments contracted for in such money shall be liquidated by the equivalent of the money in question tendered in United States gold, or in colones, at the rate of exchange of the place of payment on the date of settlement. By a Decree of February 12 1920, an Exchange office was established for San Salvador. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. On January 1, 1886, the metric system of weights and measures was made obligatory. But other units are still commonly in use, of which the principal are as follows Libra = 1.043 lb. av. Arroba =25 35 lb. av. = 1-5745 bushel. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF SALVADOR IN GREAT BRITAIN. Chargé d'Affaires and Consul-General.-Dr. Arturo Ramon Avila. Appointed May 9, 1912. There are consular agents at London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Newport, Brighton and Birmingham. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN Salvador. Minister and Consul-General.-Hugh William Gaisford. Appointed January 17, 1920. Consul.-A. F. Hastings Medhurst. Vice-Consul at San Salvador. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Salvador. Annual. San Salvador. Annuario Estadistico. First year. 1911. San Salvador. The publications issued by the various Departments of Government. Constitucion política de la República del Salvador decretada por el Congreso Nacional Constituyente el 13 de Agosto de 1886. Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. London. Salvador. No. 58 of the Bulletins of the Bureau of the American Republics. Washington, 1892. Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. Annual Report of Council. London. Gavidia (F.), Historia moderna de El Salvador. San Salvador, 1917. Gonzales (Dr. D.), Datos sobre la Republica de El Salvador. San Salvador, 1901. Guzman (D.), Apuntamientos sobre la topografia física de la rep. del Salvador. San Salvador, 1883. Leiva (J.), The Republic of El Salvador. Liverpool, 1913. Quinónez (Dr. Lucio), La cuestión económica. San Salvador, 1919. San Salvador, 1886. SANTO DOMINGO. (REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA.) Constitution and Government.-The Republic of Santo Domingo, ounded in 1844, is governed under a Constitution bearing date November 18, 1844, re-proclaimed, with changes, at various dates down to 1908. By the Constitution of 1908 the legislative power of the Republic is vested in a National Congress, consisting of a Senate of 12 senators and a Chamber of Deputies of 24 members. These representatives are remunerated at the rate of 4807. per annum each. Each province is represented by one senator and (in practice) by two deputies. Senators are elected for six years, one-third retiring every two years, and deputies for a period of four years, one-half retiring every two years. But the powers of the National Congress only embrace the general affairs of the Republic. United States Military Governor.-Rear-Admiral Samuel S. Robinson. The President is chosen by an electoral college for the term of six years, and receives a salary of 9,600 dollars per annum. There is no VicePresident. In case of death or disability of the President, Congress designates a person to take charge of the executive office. The executive of the Republic is vested in a Cabinet composed of the President and seven Ministers, who are the heads of the departments of the Interior and Police, Finance and Commerce, Justice and Public Instruction, War and Marine, Agriculture and Immigration, Foreign Affairs, and Public Works and Communications. This system of Government has been in abeyance since November 29, 1916, when a Military Government by United States naval officers was proclaimed. The Military Governor combines, for the time being, the functions both of the President and Congress. United States naval officers are administering the different Government departments. On January 1, 1920, a new Department of State for Sanitation and Beneficence was created. Area and Population.-The area of Santo Domingo, which embraces the eastern portion of the island of Quisqueya or Santo Domingo-the western division forming the Republic of Haiti-is estimated at 19,332 square miles, with 1,017 miles of coast line and 193 miles of frontier line with Haiti, and a population, according to the census of 1921, of 897,405. The population of each of the 12 provinces was as follows: Santo Domingo, 146,446; San Pedro de Macoris, 43,612; Seybo, 58,408; Azua, 100,577; Barahona, 48,180; Samaná, 16,915; La Vega, 105,820; Pacificador, 77,620; Espaillat, 50,956; Santiago de los Caballeros, 122,773; Puerto Plata, 59,025; and Monte Cristi, 67,073. The population contains some creoles of Spanish descent, but is mainly composed of a mixed race of European, African and Indian blood; there are, however, many Turks and Syrians, especially in Santo Domingo City, where the dry goods trade is mainly in their hands. The language used by the populace is Spanish, but on the Samaná Peninsula there are a few hundred farmers, descended from American negro immigrants of 1828, who speak corrupt English. The Haitian patois is spoken to a considerable extent along the frontier. The capital, Santo Domingo, founded 1496 by Bartolomeo Colombo, brother of the discoverer, on the left bank of the river Ozama, was destroyed in 1502 by a hurricane, and subsequently rebuilt on the right bank of the same river. According to the census of 1921 the City of Santo Domingo had 45,021 inhabitants and the City of Puerto Plata 26,073; Santiago de |