SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE 205 SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE. The Somali Coast stretches from Lahadu, west of Zeyla, to Bandar Ziyada 49° E. long. After 1884, when Egyptian control ceased, the territory was administered by the Government of India, but was taken over by the Foreign Office on October 1, 1898, and was transferred to the Colonial Office on April 1, 1905. By an arrangement with Italy in 1894 the limits of the British Protectorate were defined; but in 1897, by an arrangement with Abyssinia, a fresh boundary as required by that country was determined, and about 15,000 square miles were ceded to Abyssinia. An agreement for the regula tion of Anglo-Italian relations in Somaliland was concluded on March 19, 1907. The area is about 68,000 square miles; population about 300,000Mohammedan, and entirely nomadic, except on the coast, where considerable towns have sprung up during the British occupation. The chief town, Berbera, had, at the 1911 census, 30,000 inhabitants in the trading season; Zeyla, 7,000; and Búlhar, 7,300. There are 3 Government schools: average attendance, 1920, 123. Police, 510 officers and men on March 31, 1920. Convictions in 1920, 758. The revenue in 192021 was 58,9911. (81,8707. in 1919-20), mainly from customs duties (48,2847. in 1920-21); the expenditure, 208, 4007 (322,9897. in 1919-20). The grant in aid for 1920-21, 210,000l. (199,000l. in 1919-20). Imports (1920), Zeyla, Berbera, and Búlhar, 356, 387. (503,2137. in 1919-20), exports (1920), 231,011. (188,8537. in 1919-20). Bullion and specie are excluded. The imports are chiefly rice (72,552 cwt.), textiles, dates (45,894 cwt.), sugar (8,927 cwt.), and specie; the exports, skins and hides, gum and resins, ghee, cattle and sheep, and specie. Tonnage entered in 1920, 58,243; cleared, 58,758. The rupee is the basis of the currency, and is of the same value as in India. Bank of England and Government of India notes are also in circulation. Transport is by camels; there are no porters. Besides ordinary telegraphs there are wireless telegraph stations at Berbera, Burao, Hargeisa, and Las Khorai. A wireless station in Aden is also maintained from Protectorate funds. The Protectorate forces now comprise a Camel Corps of 400, including 1 Indian Company, and 500 Police. Governor and Commander-in-Chief.-His Excellency Sir G. F. Archer, K.C.M.G. Appointed May, 1914. Books of Reference. Drake-Brockman (R. E.), British Somaliland. London, 1917. Hamilton (A.), Somaliland. London, 1911. Jennings (J. W.), With the Abyssinians in Somaliland. London, 1905. MacNeill (Capt. M.), In Pursuit of the "Mad" Mullah. London, 1902. Mosse (A. H. E.) My Somali Book. London, 1913. Pease (A. E.), Somaliland. 3 vols. London, 1902. Peel (C. V. A.), Somaliland. London, 1903. Rayne (H.), Sun, sand, and Somals. London, 1921. Smith (A. Donaldson), Through Unknown African Countries. London, 1897. SOUTH AFRICA. BASUTOLAND. Basutoland, an elevated but rugged plateau, forms an irregular parallelogram on the north-east of the Cape of Good Hope Province. The provinces of the Orange Free State, Natal, and the Cape of Good Hope form its boundaries. Area, 11,716 square miles. The territory, which is well watered and has a fine climate, is stated to be the best grain. producing country in South Africa, and the abundant grass enables the Basutos to rear large herds of cattle. Basutoland has been directly under the authority of the Crown since 1884. The Paramount Chief is Griffith, brother of Letsie, the late chief. Griffith was installed on April 11, 1913. The territory is governed by a Resident Commissioner under the direction of the High Commissioner for South Africa, the latter possessing the legislative authority, which is exercised by proclamation. The country is divided into seven districts, namely: Maseru, Leribe, Mohale's Hoek, Berea, Mafeteng, Quthing, and Qacha's Nek. Each of the districts is subdivided into wards, mostly presided over by hereditary chiefs allied to the Moshesh family. In 1891 the population consisted of 578 Europeans and 218,324 natives. The census of 1911 gave a total of 403,111 natives and 1,396 Europeans; and that of 1921 (approximately) 497,696 natives, 1,615 Europeans, 155 Indians, and 1,078 coloured. European settlement is in general prohibited, and is more or less limited to the few engaged in trade, government, and missionary work. Maseru, the capital and largest town, has a population of 2,319 natives and about 400 Europeans. There are The productions are wool, wheat, mealies, and Kaffir corn. indications of iron and copper, and coal has been found and is used in some parts. Stock, &c. (1911): 433,000 cattle, 86,600 horses, 22,800 ploughs, 1,722 waggons. There were over 400 native elementary schools with over 32,500 pupils at the end of December, 1920; expenditure in connection with education amounted during the year ended March 31, 1920, to 26,7451. There are some Normal and Industrial schools (aided). There is also a large and wellfitted Government native industrial school at Maseru. There are 6 white schools with 144 pupils. The police force numbered, 1920, 14 white officers and 8 European constables and 288 men (natives). The imports consist chiefly of blankets, ploughs, clothing, iron and tin ware, and groceries, and the exports of stock, grain and wool. Basutoland is in the South African Customs Union. The total trade in recent years was: Imports, 1917, 901,3327.; 1918, 882,3397.; 1919, 1,137,0377.; 1920, 1,219,3887. Exports: 1917, 812,0317.; 1918, 1,007,6127.; 1919, 1,380, 1197.; 1920, 937,0387. The currency is exclusively British. The revenue arises mainly from the Post Office, native tax, licences, and customs rebate from neighbouring territories. Under the new Native Tax Law every adult male native pays 17. 58. per annum, and if he has more than one wife by native custom he pays 11. 5s. per annum for his wives up to a maximum of 31. 15s. An Income Tax has been recently enacted on the lines of that existing in the Union of South Africa, but collections have not yet commenced. Native tax yielded 106,4467. in 1920-21, and customs, 86, 8551. Balance of assets over liabilities, March 31, 1921, 102,3707. There are no navigable waterways, the rivers being low in winter and generally flooded in summer. The roads in the country are now in fair condition for any kind of transport. There are telegraph offices at the various magistracies in connection with the systems of the Cape Province and Orange Free State. A railway built by the C.S. A. R., 16 miles, connects Maseru with the Bloemfontein-Natal line at Marseilles Station. Resident Commissioner.-Lieut. -Col. E. C. F. Garraway, C. M.G. References. Colonial Report. Annual. London. Despatches (1869-70), Correspondence, Further Correspondence, and other Papers respecting Basutoland (1880-1887). London. Barkly (Mrs.), Among Boers and Basutos. 4th ed. London, 1900. Bruce (J.), Impressions of South Africa. 3rd Edition. London, 1899. Ellenberger (Rev. D. F.), History of the Basuto. London, 1912. Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899. Lagden (Sir G.), The Basutos. 2 vols. London, 1909. Martin (Minnie), Basutoland: Its Legends and Customs. London, 1903. BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE. The Bechuanaland Protectorate comprises the territory lying between the Molopo River on the south and the Zambezi on the north, and extending from the Transvaal Province and Matabeleland on the east to South-West Africa. Area is about 275,000 square miles; population, according to the census of 1921, 152,983, of whom 1,743 were Europeans. The most important tribes are the Bamangwato (35,000), under the chief Khama, whose capital is Serowe (population 17,000) 40 miles west of the railway line at Palapye Road; the Bakhatla (11,000) under Lenchwe; the Bakwena (13,000) under Sebele II.; the Bangwaketse (18,000) under Tshosa, acting paramount chief during minority of Bathoen, a boy of 13 years of age, the eldest son of the late chief Gaseitsiwe; the Batawana under Mathibe; and the Bamalete (4,500) under Seboko Mokgosi, who assumed the Chieftainship on July 9, 1917. In 1885, the territory was declared to be within the British sphere; in 1889 it was included in the sphere of the British South Africa Company, but was never administered by the company; in 1890 a Resident Commissioner was appointed, and in 1895, on the annexation of the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape of Good Hope, new arrangements were made for the administration of the Protectorate, and special agreements were made in view of the extension of the railway northwards from Mafeking. Each of the chiefs rules his own people as formerly, under the protection of the King, who is represented by a Resident Commissioner, acting under the High Commissioner. 208 THE BRITISH EMPIRE:—BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE The headquarters of the Administration are in Mafeking, in the Cape Province, where there is a reserve for Imperial purposes, with ample buildings. There are assistant commissioners for the southern and northern districts of of the Protectorate; the former is also Government Secretary, residing at Mafeking, and the latter at Francistown. There is a tax of 17. on each hut and 3s. for a Native Fund established by virtue of Proclamation No. 47 of 1919, for education, &c. Licences for the sale of spirits are granted only at certain railway stations. Cattle-rearing, and agriculture to a limited extent (production of maize and Kaffir corn), are the chief industries, but the country is more a pastoral than an agricultural one, crops depending entirely upon the rainfall. `_Cattle numbered on May 7, 1911, 323,900 head, sheep and goats, 358,000. During the year 1920-21, 32,450 head of cattle were exported. The police force consists of 58 Europeans and 116 Basutos, and 86 local natives as messengers. Education is provided (there were 7 European, 1 coloured, and 59 native schools, 1920-21), with Government assistance (2,1561. being granted in 1919-20), in the London Missionary Society, Church of England, Dutch Reformed Church, and other schools. There are schools for Europeans, subsidised by the Government, at Francistown, Serowe and Magalapye, and at Lobatsi, Hildavale, Pitsani, and Molopolole. Total Government expenditure on education, 1920-21, 2,3177. Gold and silver to the total value of 20,1751. were mined in 1920-21. Chief items of revenue, 1919-20: customs, 20,9867.; hut-tax, 38,6201.; licences, 6,3257.; posts, 7,6557. ; export duty on cattle, 3,4217. Chief items of expenditure, 1919-20 : Resident Commissioner, 6,2827.; district administration, 6, 2221.; posts, 3,9897.; police, 40,2847.; public works (extraordinary and recurrent), 4,151.; veterinary, 11,933. There has been no Imperial grant-in-aid since 1911-12, when the grant amounted to 10,0002. There is no public debt. Excess of assets over liabilities on April 1, 1921, 3,3997. The Protectorate was within the South African Customs Union, and when the Union of South Africa was completed, an agreement was made with the Union Government under which duty on all dutiable articles imported into the Protectorate is collected by the Union Customs Department and paid into the Union Treasury, a lump sum representing a certain portion of the annual Customs Revenue of the Union being paid over to the Protectorate. Under this arrangement figures relating to imports and exports are not available. The telegraph from the Cape of Good Hope to Rhodesia passes through the Protectorate and is owned by the British South Africa Company. Similarly the railway extending northwards from the Cape of Good Hope traverses the Protectorate. It is the property of the Rhodesia Railways, Limited. In the Protectorate are 15 post offices; receipts, in 1920-21, 9,6207.; expenditure, 4,2591. Postal business, 1919-20, 337,765 letters, 5,980 post cards, 4,472 newspapers, 2,184 book packets, samples, and circulars, and 1,196 parcels. The currency is British money. There is no bank in the Protectorate. Resident Commissioner.-J. C. Macgregor, C.M.G. Government Secretary.-J. Ellenberger. Reports by and Instructions to Major-General Sir Charles Warren, K.C.M.G., a Special Commissioner to Bechuanaland, 1884-86. Correspondence and Further Correspondence respecting Bechuanaland, 1887-98. London. Hepburn (J. D), Twenty Years in Khama's Country. London, 1895. Lloyd (E.), Three African Chiefs. London, 1895. MacNab (Frances), On Veldt and Farm, 2nd ed. London, 1900. RHODESIA. Under the title of Rhodesia is included the whole of the region extending from the Transvaal Province northwards to the borders of the Congo State and the late German East Africa (now Tanganyika Territory), bounded on the east by Portuguese East Africa, Nyasaland, and the Tanganyika Territory, and on the west by the Congo State, Portuguese West Africa, and Bechuanaland. The whole territory is under the administration of the British South Africa Company, which holds a Royal Charter dated October 29, 1889. The region south of the Zambezi (Matabeleland and Mashonaland) is called Southern Rhodesia; that north of the Zambezi is known as Northern Rhodesia. The administrative system of the Company in Southern Rhodesia is prescribed by Orders in Council, the last dated 1916. To assist the Company's Administrator there is an Executive Council consisting of not less than three members appointed for three years by the Company with the approval of the Secretary of State. There is also a Legislative Council, which consists of the Administrator (president), six nominees of the Company approved by the Secretary of State, and twelve members elected by the registered voters. Women have the vote. The duration of each Legislative Council is three years, unless it be sooner dissolved. Ordinances passed by the Legislative Council when assented to by the High Commissioner take effect immediately, but within a year may be disallowed by the Secretary of State. There is a Resident Commissioner appointed by the Secretary of State, with a seat on both the Executive and Legislative Councils, but without a vote. For the administration of justice there is a High Court with civil and criminal jurisdiction. In the districts there are Magistrates' Courts. There is a chief Native Commissioner, with subordinate Superintendents of Divisions, Native Commissioners and Assistant Native Commissioners, and, except with respect to arms, ammunition, and liquor, natives and Europeans are under the same conditions. The grant of responsible government to Southern Rhodesia, or, as an alternative, incorporation into the Union of South Africa, is under discussion (January, 1922). Land has been set apart for tribal settlements ("native reserves "), the mineral rights being reserved to the Company. It has been decided that the ownership of the unalienated land vests in the Crown, but the Company, P |