the Vice-President of the Council and is responsible for the Territorial Army; the Finance Member, who is responsible for finance; and the two permanent Secretaries of the War Office. The Territorial Army is to a large extent administered by County Associations over which the War Office merely maintains a general control as regards expenditure. The principal military educational establishments are the Royal Military Academy, educating youths to be officers in the artillery and the engineers, the Royal Military College whence officers are obtained for cavalry and infantry, and the Staff College, which trains officers for the staff. The Officers' Training Corps in two divisions representing respectively the universities and public schools, is intended to provide officers for the Territorial Army. The gross estimated expenditure for the army for the year 1921-22 amounted (March, 1921) to 118,915,000l., and appropriations in aid to 12,600,000., leaving a net expenditure of 106,315,000. Owing to the increased pay, and to the increase in the price of food, clothing and equipment, the cost of the individual Regular soldier is approximately three times what it was in 1914. The total personnel charged to British votes in 1921-22 was 341,000, of whom 201,127 were British troops, 55,600 were men temporarily borne on the strength as consequence of the war (war-time sick and wounded and awaiting demobilisation), and 84,200 were Indian and Colonial troops. There were in India 75,896 British troops, so that the actual establishment of the Regular Army in 1921-22 was 201, 127+75,896 = 277,023.1 The garrison of Constantinople, Egypt, Palestine, and Mesopotamia included a number of Indian troops. The strength at January 1, 1922, was: regulars (excluding India), 193,000; territorials, 135,000. The distribution of this establishment was as follows: As the result of the report of the Committee on National Expediture 1922, the establishment of the Regular Army is to be reduced during 1922-23 by 33,000 officers and men. Other reductions will involve the disbandment of 24 battalions of infantry, 47 batteries of artillery; and the equivalent of 5 line cavalry regiments by reducing the peace establishment of the remainder. The projected army estimates for 1922-28 amount to 61,000,000, including the Middle East. B. By Regiments, Corps, and Departments (British, exclusive of India). The Navy is still passing through a most critical period. Financial stringency caused the abolition of the South American Squadron, the reduction of the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets, and the placing of the latter on a Reserve basis. The only squadron not reduced below the strength allotted to it in March, 1919, is that in Chinese waters. Many Dreadnoughts have been transferred to the disposal list, and at the close of 1922, under the Washington Disarmament Clau-es there will remain to the Fleet only 24 capital ships (including the Colossus and Collingwood for non-combatant purposes), of which only two have been completed since 1917. The personnel is being reduced in proportion to the reduction of the Fleet, and the Admiralty will bring down the number to 98,000, a reduction of 24,700. No final or permanent policy has yet been adopted, but it was decided to build four battle-cruisers of great power, embodying the lessons of the war, in r placement of four which have been scrap ed, but as a result of the Washington Conference the building of these ships has been stopped. Two others of 35,000 tons are to be built. In July, 1921, the whole subject of future naval policy was discussed by the Imperial Conference; and the Dominion Premiers placed on record their strong view of the need of maintaining the Navy on a basis sufficient for security. The present position is that the Fleet is to be retained at a strength equal to that of any other single Power, but without insistence upon "numerical equality." The Navy estimates for 1921-22 amounted to 91,186,369. gross and 82,479,000l. net, as compared with 105. 283,2811. gross and 90,872,300l. net in 1920-21. The gross estimate of 91,186,3694. include 3 millions for completion of ships in hand, and 24 millions for commencing the four ships. There was a reduction of over 14 millions on the gross estimates and of 81 millions on the net estimate. The Admiralty proposals for 1922-23 approximated to 70,000l., excluding provision for capital ships. The British Navy is a permanent establishment, governed by statutes and orders. Its administration was formerly in the hands of a Lord High Admiral, but by the Act 2 Will. and Mary, c. 2, this office was vested in a Commission. With the exception of periods in which the office has been revived-in the person of the Earl of Pembroke in the reign of William III., of Prince George of Denmark (1702-8), and of the Duke of Clarence (May, 1827-August, 1828)-it has continued to be held in commission by the Board of Admiralty. The First Lord of the Admiralty, a Cabinet Minister, is responsible for the Navy. The duties of the Admiralty are now grouped under the two headings of Operations and Maintenance. The First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, and the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff have charge and direction of the Operations Division. This Division is concerned with Naval policy and the general direction of operations, war operations in Home waters and elsewhere, strategy, tactics, the development and use of material, including types of vessels and weapons, and with trade protection The officers in charge and direction of and anti-submarine considerations. the Maintenance Division are the Second Sea Lord and Chief of the Personnel, the Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy, the Fourth Sea Lord and Chief of Supplies and Transport, and the Civil Lord. The Parliamentary Secretary and the Permanent Secretary are concerned with Finance and Admiralty business. The number of officers, seamen and marines borne on January 1, 1914, and the number provided for in the estimates for 1921-22, The figure of 123,700 was the maximum of the year, and was to be reduced to 121,700 as soon as possible. The Admiralty proposal for 1922-23 was a total of 121,600, but consent has now been given to a progressive reduction to 98,000. SUMMARY OF THE BRITISH FLEET. N.B. The pre-Dreadnought battleships have been removed from the lists, as well as eight of the early Dreadnoughts. All the other classes have been reduced The class of armoured cruisers is now extinct. The classification of capital ships into Dreadnoughts and pre-Dreadnoughts is dying out, and that of pre-Jutland and post-Jutland ships coming in. Of the last-named class the British Navy is destitute, though the Hood was modified in the light of war experience. The following summary shows the position before the Washington Conference. Owing to the sweeping reductions which were in progress in these classes of vessels, in 1920 and 1921, it was impossible to give any useful fures. The flotilla leaders are included in the total number of destroyers. Ships and vessels of the Dominions are included in the above table. See notes following the ship lists. There were 37 monitors in 1919, but all have now been removed from the fleet. Two new classes of river gunboats have been added (640 and 98 tons), 12 of each class. In the following tables the ships are grouped in classes according to type. The dates of the Naval Estimates under which they were sanctioned are given. Battleships and Battle-Cruisers (Dreadnought Type). The Colossus, Collingwood (both now training ships), Hercules, Neptune, St. Vincent, Temeraire, Bellerophon and Superb have recently been removed from the effective list. As a result of the Washington Conterence, all ships down to and including the Australia (except the Thunderer) are to be scrapped. 1 Battle Cruisers. New Zealand, built at charge of the New Zealand Government; Australia, Royal Australian Navy. Knots |