for the last seven years, not only supplied herself, but her neighbours, to a considerable extent, with that mean quality which may be reckoned the staple of cotton yarns. It appears that the time of working cotton mills in Manchester is less, by about one hour daily, than that in any other part of the world, where the cotton manufacture is carried on to any extent.

It is my firm belief, that there is not a better or more certain mode of benefiting a country village than by establishing a cotton factory in it. The pure, unmixed effect of factory labour will be best and most easily found in the country,-where it affords regular employment, during a series of years, to the same families. The attendance at the Sunday schools, of such as are employed in factories, shows that that class of the operatives furnishes its full proportion of scholars.

Beset, as it now is, in the departments of cotton, wool, silk, linen, iron, and steel, by the industry of rival nations, it can maintain its place in the van of improvement only by the hearty co-operation among us, of heart and hand, of employer and employed. Once thrown out of the market, it would, ere long, he distanced in the race, by the more frugal and docile labour of the continent and United States.-Ure.

WAGES.

It was at my urgent request, that the writer of the following remarks on Wages, supplied me with his views upon the subject. His situation has enabled him to take a practical survey, and though I am surprised to find his ideas accord so materially with my own conceptions, yet his essay ought to have, and doubtless will have, more weight in the community than any thing that I could have produced, more from observation and reflection, than from the best opportunity of knowing the practical operations between the employer and the employed. I was very desirous of obtaining these observations for the chapter on the value and uses

Europe, more rapidly than any other improvement in spinning has before been known to do. The principle is such, that instead of making the thread drag the bobbin, the bobbin is made to drag the thread; and the resistance of the atmosphere and the slight friction of the thread, on the lower edge of the ring, produces that retardation necessary for winding the yarn on the bobbin. In consequence of which, the tension on all the threads, are perfectly uniform, and at the same time delicate, giving a great uniformity and elasticity to the yarn. The machine also takes much less power than the common throstle. They are made and sold by Messrs. Godwin, Clarke & Co., at their shop, in Paterson, New Jersey, who are the proprietors of the patent, and manufacturers of all kinds of cotton and woollen machinery.

of property, where they seem properly to belong; but the mere circumstance of the place they occupy, will not prevent a due consideration of the arguments. To the writer, I feel deeply indebted, for the pains he has taken to fulfil my request, as well as for other assistance I have received in the progress of my work.

It has been my desire to derive from the best sources, such valuable information, as shall be useful to the operatives of this country, on whose welfare and respectability so much depends; whether America will be able to maintain the high ground of liberty and self-government which she has assumed, and on which position the civilised world is looking with fear and reverence.

"Man is born to [labour, says a certain author,] as the sparks fly upward." We dispute not the authenticity of this text, no more than of the original. But why is he born to labour? The simple reason is, that in the most spontaneous and fertile regions, the fruits of the earth drop not into his mouth. Were this the case, few would be found willing to give any extraordinary exertion to procure them in any other way: the necessity of exertion to procure, infers the right of possession and enjoyment when attained, and hence arises a notion of property, or right of using what has been obtained by the outlay of labour, and farther, what has luckily adverted to its possessor by discovery or chance. But in order to fully secure the possession of such acquirements, it is more than necessary that the use should be yielded as the reward of the exertion of achievement, it is requisite that full right should accrue to the individual to retain or dispose of such fruits of toil in any manner or direction that he may think proper, barring the direct injury or annoyance of his neighbour.

Hence the admitted right of bartering or devising it, either in his life time or at death, is essential to a perfect possession; and we have no instances of a state of society in which one or both these rights were not believed inherent in individuals composing the community. Indeed the necessity of law or custom affording this guarantee, seems implied in the very nature of human association. Take away from man this motive to exertion, and you restrict his operations to the mere immediate exercise of those functions requisite to furnish the instant means of appeasing the stern demands of hunger and thirst. These satisfied for the moment, the uncertainty attending future possession would effectually preclude any desire to exercise the faculties that prompt to the accumulation of resources for consumption beyond the pressing necessities of the hour. It is the notion of a perfect property in whatever has accrued to him from the labour of his hands, that is the first inducement of man to any continued effort or exertion. For this he pursues the game on the hills, or casts his rude net into the waters; he spreads his snares in patience for the fowls of the air, or toils in anxious expectation for the roots that nature has hidden in the earth; or going one step further in the progress of civilisation and human improvement, he tames the more docile animals to domesticity, or returns to the earth a portion of the fruits wrested from its bosom, and awaits in full confidence the period of

fruition, when he shall reap the reward of his toil and providence. It is plain that without this guarantee of possession of the proceeds of his industry and care, the first step in the amelioration of his condition could never be accomplished by man.

We are told of a race of men who were found, by strangers visiting their wretched island, grubbing with their fingers in the earth for roots, and stripping the bark from rotten logs in search of the insects and reptiles that harboured within its recesses, wherewith to satisfy the cravings of unappeased hunger. In such a herd, (for it would be preposterous to term this a community,) the notions of property and separate possession must have been very limited indeed, extending at most to a claim for the exclusive possession of a decayed bough, and probably not farther than to the loathsome grub just seized and about to be devoured. Tacitus describes the Fenni as 66 a savage race living in squalid poverty and misery; with neither arms, nor horses, nor homes;" and indeed whenever we hear of a nation deeply immersed in barbarism, we usually find as a concomitant, an utter disregard of the rights of property; almost all the savage nations of the South seas are reported by the first explorers to have been given to pilfering; not so much from any vicious or injurious feeling towards those they robbed, as from an imperfect notion of the right given the proprietor by previous possession.

These people are constantly represented by voyagers as idle and thriftless in no ordinary degree: living on the spontaneous fruits of the earth, and taking little or no care to hoard or increase the stock for subsistence spread out by the hand of nature before them. They were likewise found extremely unsusceptible of improvement or amelioration, and most probably would never have attained any portion of either, had not some notions of property and separate possession been infused into them by accidental intercourse with strangers.

The idea of property, then, is the earliest germ of civilisation-the first step in the improvement of the physical, intellectual, and moral condition of mankind; and law and custom have found it necessary to recognise this idea, in every really social condition. In order that these ideas may be of any avail to the community, it is absolutely necessary that the guarantee should be of the most perfect and inviolable character. A restricted right or possession would be entirely nugatory. Being valueless to the individual, it could not result in any general benefit to the community, as all must hold under the same insecure tenure. The best laws have therefore secured possessions in the most limitless and unrestricted manner, only restraining the proprietor from such flagrant uses of them as would result in immediate injury to his fellows. Subject to this wholesome restraint, he is at liberty to use the fruits of his labour according to his own view of happiness to himself. He may barter one species of fruit for another, he may cast his surplus to the waves, or he may hoard it in granaries to meet his own future occasions, or to relieve the necessities of his brethren: but the same laws which accord these privileges to him for trifling emergencies afford the basis of more extended operations upon similar principles. If, having a tree, he may barter its fruits for the products of another's labour, there is no seeming reason why he may not reserve the fruits until he can purchase double the amount with the same quantity: if his own economy and foresight have secured him from the effects of a failure in the earth's product, is it con