4108. WEIRUP. Sortenwahl beim Gemüsebau. [Selecting varieties for vegetable culture. Mitteil. Deutsch. Landw. Ges. 37: 763-764. 1922.-The author gives a list of desirable varieties of peas, beans, carrots, cabbage, and onions.-A. J. Pieters.

4109. ZIMMERLEY, H. H. Cabbage strain tests. Virginia Truck Exp. Sta. Bull. 37-38. 211-220. 1922.-Strains of Early Jersey Wakefield in 1920 and 1921 yielded 6.13-9.9 and 6.669.87 tons per acre respectively. Early cuttings in 1920 ranged from 0.13 to 4.53 and in 1921 from 0.9 to 5.63 tons per acre. Results show a big variation in total yield and production of early maturing heads from seed obtained from different sources. Strains of Charleston Wakefield in 1920 yielded 7.16-11.9 tons per acre, and in 1921, 10.6-14.22. Early cuttings in 1920 varied from 0.0 to 1.93 tons and in 1921 from 0.4 to 3.50 tons per acre. In 1921 premature seed stalk production in fall-planted Early Jersey Wakefield varied in different strains from 4.7 to 25.3 per cent and in the Charleston Wakefield from 14 to 28 per cent. "In the four earliest lots of Early Jersey Wakefield an average of 10.9 per cent of the plants went to seed as compared with 21.7 per cent in the four latest headings lots. The plants which form a small compact head early in the season are less likely to seed prematurely than those which are somewhat open headed and leafy."-H. A. Jones.

HORTICULTURE PRODUCTS

4110. ANONYMOUS. Over het gebruik van koffiepulp. [Concerning the use of coffee pulp.] West Indië 6: 24-27. 1921.-Use of coffee pulp as (1) manure, (2) fuel, and (3) in the manufacture of alcohol is advised.-J. C. Th. Uphof.

4111. ALLEN, W. J., and S. A. HOGG. The drying of prunes, currants, sultanas, and raisins. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 34: 135-138. 1923.

4112. AZOULAY, LÉON. Le commerce et l'industrie des champignons secs en France et à l'etranger.-Mesures à prendre pour prevenir les empoisonnements qu'ils peuvent causer. [The dried mushroom trade in France and elsewhere.-Precautions necessary to prevent poisoning.] Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 38: 117-122. 1922.-The report of a committee regarding the preparation and sale of dried mushrooms is given.-D. S. Welch.

4113. AZOULAY, LÉON. Proposition de loi ayant pour object de prevenir les empoisonnements dus aux champignons mis en vente et à ceux cueillis par les particuliers. [Legislation for the prevention of poisoning by mushrooms placed on sale or collected for individual use.] Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 38: 109-116. 1922.-Information is included as to the extent and seriousness of mushroom poisoning, methods of prevention by public advertising, inspection, sales regulation, licences, and other means of protecting the public. The text of the proposed law is given.-D. S. Welch.

4114. GEORGI, C. D. V. Oil from Aleurites species. Malayan Agric. Jour. 10: 202–205. 1923. The very hard nut of Aleurites moluccana may be most conveniently cracked by heating at 130-140°C. for 1 hour and then soaking in cold water. The yield of oil is given, also its constants.-I. H. Burkill.

4115. GEORGI, C. D. V. Some Malayan oils and fats of minor importance. Malayan Agric. Jour. 10: 222-227. 1923.-This gives the amount of oil and its constants in seed of Bertholletia excelsa, Calophyllum inophyllum, Croton tiglium, Nephelium mutabile, and N. lappaceum, locally produced.-I. H. Burkill.

4116. POWER, FREDERICK B., and VICTOR K. CHESNUT. Examination of authentic grape juice for methyl anthranilate. Jour. Agric. Res. 23: 47-53. 1923.-This ester is found in all varieties examined which are of labrusca origin and also in hybrid varieties in which this species predominates. Juices from varieties of Vitis rotundifolia from southern U. S. A., from V. vinifera from California, and from 1 sample of juice of V. bourquiniana did not have the ester.— D. Reddick.

4117. THOMMEN, GUSTAVE. Notes on the fern leaf industry. Amer. Fern Jour. 12: 122125. 1922.-Fern leaves are collected in the fall and stored in cold frames or refrigerating places at a temperature of 31-32°F. Before they reach the market there is often a loss of 5075 per cent, the cause of which is not understood.-F. C. Anderson.

MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF VASCULAR PLANTS E. W. SINNOTT, Editor

(See also in this issue Entries 3749, 3766, 3816, 3829, 3841, 3908, 3931, 3967, 4073, 4255, 4342, 4349, 4352, 4397, 4402, 4511, 4568, 4571, 4575, 4584, 4603, 4666, 4715)

4118. ALBEGGIANI, ELISABETTA. Misure ed osservazioni comparative sullo sviluppo in superficie degli organi fogliari e radicali. [Comparative measurements and observations on development of leaf and root systems.] Bull. R. Orto Bot. Palermo 2:157-170. 1921.-The extent of leaf and root surfaces was estimated for a number of plants of different species (Urtica dioica, Tropaeolum majus, Helianthus annuus, Chenopodium album, Ricinus communis, Portulaca oleracea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Mercurialis annua, etc.). Results indicated that the leaf surface is usually greater than that of the roots, and sometimes twice as great. The two tend to be equal when plants are young, but with maturity the leaf surface increases more rapidly than that of the roots.-Edith K. Cash.

4119. BAILEY, IRVING W. The anatomy of certain plants from the Belgian Congo, with special reference to myrmecophytism. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 585–621. Pl. 30-45. 1922. Studies were made of Vitex Staudii, Cuviera sp., Plectronia Laurentii, P. sp., Barteria fistulosa, B. dewevrei, and Sarcocephalus sp.-The food of twig-inhabiting ants is described. Theories of myrmecophily and myrmecophytism are discussed, with the following conclusion: "Certain plants tend-for reasons which are at present obscure-to form extrafloral nectaries, food-bodies, prostomata, saccate leaves, fistulose branches, and other pseudodomatia, etc. In many cases, but by no means in all, these structural modifications of plants are taken advantage of by ants in their search for food and domatia. The myrmecophytic relationship which results is purely a case of parasitism in which all the advantage lies with the ants."-The origin of pseudo-gall forming habit is discussed.-Frank E. Lutz.

4120. BAURE, RAPHAEL. Entwickelungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Polygonaceenblüten. [Development of the flower in the Polygonaceae.] Flora 115: 273–292. Pl. 2-3. 1922. The floral plan of the Polygonaceae is 5-merous, not 3-merous. It is doubtful whether the Eriogoneae should be classed with the Polygonaceae.-A. G. Stokey.

4121. BECQUEREL, PAUL. La théorie de meriphyte devant les phénomènes de l'ontogénie vasculaire. [The theory of the meriphyte in the light of the phenomena of vascular ontogeny.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 233-235. 1922.-The author discusses the validity of Chauveaud's theory of vascular evolution. He supports the conclusions of Chauveaud as based on many species of the higher plants, and criticizes Bugnon for confining his studies to a single species.-C. H. Farr.

4122. BÖNING, KARL. Ueber den inneren Bau horizontaler und geneigter Sprosse und seine Ursachen. [The inner structure of horizontal and bent shoots and its causes.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 40:279–282. 1922.-This is a report of observations upon anatomical differences in the tissues produced in eccentric radial growth of horizontal shoots of many herbaceous and woody plants. The author suggests that the unequal growth on the upper and lower side of shoots is due to mechanical stretching on the upper side, and pressure on the lower side. Any difference on the 2 sides of the shoot is usually due to differences in the xylem elements, which have slightly lignified and much thickened walls on the upper side, and the reverse on the lower side. Eccentric radial growth was found most commonly in trees and least commonly in herbs.-W. C. Muenscher.

4123. BOUVRAIN, GEORGES. Sur l'évolution vasculaire dans la Mercuriale. [On the vascular development of Mercurialis.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 380-382. 1922.The author defends the interpretation of Chauveaud, as opposed to that presented by Bugnon [see Bot. Absts. 12, Entries 4125, 4126, 4127, 4129.]—C. H. Farr.

4124. BRUYNE, C. DE. Idioblastes et diaphragmes des Nymphéacées. [Idioblasts and diaphragms of the Nympheaceae.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 452-455. 1922.Nuphar luteum, Nymphaea alba, N. lotus, and Victoria regia were studied. Contrary to the report of certain authors, all of the Nympheaceae are provided with partitions in the aeriferous canals, either in all parts or only in the root. The idioblasts are branching sclerenchymatous cells.-C. H. Farr.

4125. BUGNON, P. L'organisation liberoligneuse chez la Mercuriale reproduit-elle une disposition ancestrale? [Is the fibro-vascular organization of Mercurialis an ancestral arrangement?] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 174: 1484-1486. Fig. 1 (i-iv). 1922. A continuation of a previous study [Ibid. 174: 1194. 1922]. A study is made of the fundamental difference between the vascular organization at the base of the cotyledon and at the base of the vegetative leaves. It is found in opposition to Chauveaud, that the 2 regions are identical in their principal characteristics; differences are of secondary importance.—C. H. Farr.

4126. BUGNON, P. Sur l'accélération basifuge dans l'hypocotyle. [The basifugal acceleration of the hypocoty.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 43-45. 1922.-Chauveaud's interpretation [see Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 4129] of the anatomy of the hypocotyl of Mercurialis as opposed to the author's interpretation is discussed [see preceding entry]. It is concluded that the basifugal acceleration theory is based on the postulate of the initial continuity of the embryonic conductive apparatus. It does not explain the character common to the centripetal and centrifugal protoxylem. Certain vessels in the hypocotyl region are destroyed, in the course of germination, by the intercalary growth of the region. [See also Eot. Absts. 12, Entry 4123.-C. H. Farr.

4127. BUGNON, P. Sur la différenciation vasculaire basipéte pour toutes les traces foliaires chez la Mercuriale. [On the basipetal vascular differentiation of all the foliar traces in Mercurialis.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 897-899. 7 fig. 1922.-Figures and descriptions are given of the leaf traces at 6 levels. The author regards Chauveaud's theory [see Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 4129] of basifugal acceleration as unnecessary to explain the basipetal vascular differentiation of the hypocotyl of Mercurialis. [See also Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 4123.] -C. H. Farr.

4128. BUGNON, P. Sur la position systématique des Euphorbiacées. [On the systematic position of the Euphorbiaceae.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 629-632. Fig. 1-2. 1922.This family is placed by some in the Apetalae next to the Urticales, and by others in the Dialypetalae next to the Malvales. Wettstein considers it transitional between the Apetalae and the Dialypetalae. In embryological characters, especially the venation of the cotyledons, the Euphorbiaceae seem to be closely related to the Sterculiaceae, a family of the Malvales.— C. H. Farr.

4129. CHAUVEAUD, GUSTAVE. Les principales variations du développement vasculaire dans les premières phyllorhizes des phanérogames ne sont pas déterminées par l'accroissement intercalaire. [The principal variations in the vascular development of the primary phyllorhiza of phanerogams are not determined by intercalary growth.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 174: 1487-1489. 1922.-A study was made of the vascular variations in parts of the seedlings of Ricinus and Mercurialis. In Ricinus the basifugal accelerations are more marked than in Mercurialis.-C. H. Farr.

4130. COSTANTIN, J. Sur les croix de Malte présentées par les bois soumis à des traumatismes. [The Maltese cross seen in wood after wounding.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris

174: 1313-1316. 1922.-This phenomenon is most evident in chestnut, but also in certain species of Acer, Staphylea, black alder, dogwood, oak, ash, and service-tree. Advantage is taken of it in treating wood preparatory to making canes, pen holders, and similar articles. A large number of superficial cicatrices of the cortex are made Mar. 15-Apr. 15. The pattern of the section varies with the manner of making the cuts and the kind of wood.-C. H. Farr.

4131. DENHAM, H. J. The structure of the cotton hair and its botanical aspects. British Cotton Indust. Res. Assoc. Shirley Inst. Mem. 1:87-100. 1922. [See Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 537.]

4132. FISCHER, HUGO. Anemone alpina L. mit monstros em Blütenhüllblatt. [Anemone alpina L. with an abnormal perianth lobe.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 476–478. Fig. 1. 1919. An abnormal perianth lobe of Anemone alpina is described. The possible origin of perianth lobes from green leaves is discussed.-W. C. Muenscher.

4133. GANDRUP, JOHANNES. Over den steencellenring in de schors van Hevea. [The stone-cell ring in the cortex of Hevea.] Arch. Rubbercult. 5: 465-471. 1921.-The stonecell ring develops from, and replaces, a ring of bast fibers.-C. D. La Rue.

4134. GANDRUP, JOHANNES. Over der kurklaag van Hevea schors. [The cork layer of Hevea bark.] Arch. Rubbercult. 5: 389-396. 1921.-The method of formation of cork is discussed. Tissues of the bark affected with brown bast disease will not be cut off by cork formation.-C. D. La Rue.

4135. GATIN, C. L. Première contribution à l'étude de l'émbryon et de la germination des Aracées. [Embryo and germination in the Araceae.] Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. X, 3: 145-169. Pl. 1-10. 1921.-Ten genera of the family are considered. The embryo is an undifferentiated proembryonal mass in Caladium, but more or less differentiation is shown in other genera. The endosperm is lacking in the mature seed in some genera. The vascular tissue is described as showing much variation in form. The primary root of the seedling often fails to develop, its place being taken by secondary roots, which may be formed before the maturity of the seed. Polyembryony, or at least the production of more than 1 embryonal axis in a single seed, is noted in Aglaonema and Dieffenbachia.-Paul Weatherwax.

4136. GEISENHEYNER, L. Ueber eine monströse Linaria vulgaris. [A monstrositiy in Linaria vulgaris.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 479-484. Fig. 1-2. 1919.-The flower and inflorescence is described. [See also Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 4138.]-W. C. Muenscher.

4137. GERTZ, OTTо. Ueber septierte Stomazellen. [Septate guard cells.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 329-334. Fig. 1-16. 1919.-Stomata with more than 2 guard cells and other stomatal abnormalities are described and illustrated for a number of plants.-W. C. Muenscher.

4138. GRAF, JACOB. Eine abnorme Blütenbildung bei Linaria vulgaris. [An abnormal flower structure in Linaria vulgaris.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 485-489. Pl. 7. 1919.— A study of the structure of the abnormal flowers of Linaria vulgaris described by Geisenheyner [see Bot. Absts. 12, Entry 4136] is reported.-W. C. Muenscher.

4139. GYORFFY, I. Keimlinge der Weisstanne mit Doppelblättern. [Seedlings of white fir with double leaves.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 39: 123–125. Fig. 1. 1921.-Four seedlings of Abies alba with double or forked cotyledons are described and pictured.-W. C. Muenscher.

4140. HASTINGS, G. T. Rudimentary sporangia on the royal fern. Torryea 23:10. 1923. In May, 1922, many plants of Osmunda regalis showed a tendency for all fronds to be fertile, over of the plants bearing rudimentary sporangia on the upper pinnae of the sterile fronds. These were about the size of normal sporangia, and were in all stages of development. Later in the season no sporangia were observed.-J. C. Nelson.

4141. HEIMLICH, LOUIS F. Peloria in Linaria and other plants. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1921: 111-116. Fig. 1-12. 1922.-On more than a dozen plants of Linaria vulgaris Hill all flowers had 5 spurs instead of 1. Others noted were Delphinium belladonna, with 1 sepal divided and leaflike; Calendula officinalis L., with some of the small flowers changed into small heads on long pedicels; Picea excelsa L., which produced from a terminal bud a cone containing small loose scales with large microsporangia at the base and a middle zone of sterile scales resembling megasporophylls.-F. C. Anderson.

4142. HEINRICHER, E. Ueber die Blüten und die Bestäubung bei Viscum cruciatum Sieb. [The flowers and pollination of Viscum cruciatum.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 40: 168-173. Fig. 1-2. 1922.-The general structure of the small and inconspicuous flowers, the failure to find nectar, and the echinate but not sticky pollen in Viscum cruciatum, all suggest wind pollination rather than insect pollination.-W. C. Muenscher.

4143. HERZFELD, STEPHANIE. Ephedra campylopoda Mey. Morphologie der weiblichen Blüthe und Befruchtungsvorgang. [Ephedra campylopoda Mey. Morphology of the female flower and fertilization.] Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Nat. Kl. 98: 243-268. Pl. 1–2. 1922. This species has 2 kinds of female flowers-those borne upon strictly female plants and having only ovules, and those in which the ovulate flowers have some stamens below the ovule. In both, a ring of tissue develops at the base of the nucellus, but subsequently an integument which is prolonged into the long micropyle characteristic of Gnetales develops in the normal flower, while in the modified female flower the development of the integument is more or less abortive or distorted. The ring of tissue below the integument is neither sporophyll, integument, nor perianth, but an organ "sui generis" and homologous with the actinomorphic fertile scales (Fruchtschuppen) of the Taxaceae.-The development of the female gametophyte is normal. All the cells of the upper layer are potential archegonium initials, but the usual numbers developing are 3-5 with 1-6 as the limits. No wall is formed between the ventral canal nucleus and the egg, not even spindle fibers being distinguishable.—The pollen grain at the shedding stage contains 1 prothallial cell, 2 "wall cells," a tube cell, and an "antheridial" cell which, later, gives rise to 2 male cells. One of the male nuclei fuses with the ventral canal nucleus, and the other unites with the egg nucleus. This is described as double fertilization. The author believes that such fusions, described by several students of gymnosperms as occasional occurrences, belong to the same category and constitute a step toward true double fertilization. She found no embryo developing as a result of the fertilization of the ventral canal nucleus.-The reduced condition of the female gametophyte of Ephedra, when compared with that of other Gnetales, indicates the way to the origin of the embryo-sac of angiosperms.The chromosome number of the gametophyte is 6 and that of the sporophyte, 12-just 1/2 the number which is almost universal in gymnosperms.-Charles J. Chamberlain.

4144. KOSTYTSCHEW, S. Der Bau und das Dickenwachstum der Dikotylenstämme. [The structure and growth in thickness of the stem of dicotyledons.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 40: 297-305. Fig. 1-10. 1922.-The arrangement of the procambium determines the shape of the stem in dicotyledons. A continuous ring of procambium develops into a solid cylinder of wood and phloem; isolated groups of procambium develop into distinct vascular bundles. Only the earliest formed cambium ring develops wood and phloem; the interfascicular cambium developed in a few plants produces only parenchyma, which is not identical with the medullary ray tissue formed in a continuous woody ring. The leaf traces in a young cylinder are easily distinguished from the true vascular bundles. These leaf traces are independent morphological units, being purely the result of a correlation between leaf and stem development. The strips of procambium between each leaf trace are often mistaken for interfascicular cambium, giving rise to serious errors.-C. L. Wilson.

4145. LA ROSA, ANGELINA. Il periderma picciolare di alcune specie di Ficus. [The petiolar periderm of some species of Ficus.] Bull. R. Orto Bot. Palermo 2: 149–156. 1921.The species studied, growing in the Palermo Botanical Garden, are as follows: Ficus saus