slaked lime stored under water for a period of 1 year underwent practically no deterioration, the increase of calcium carbonate being only 0.8 per cent.-L. R. Waldron.

4428. REDDICK, DONALD. Ito's potato variety Ekishirazu in New York. [Abstract.] Phytopathology 13: 55-56. 1923.-The variety is resistant to Phytophthora infestans but susceptible to mosaic.-F. V. Rand.

4429. SAMUEL, GEOFFREY. Notes on forest pathology from South Australia. Australian Forest Jour. 5: 189-192, 223-226, 253-254. 7 fig. 1922.-The economic importance of tree diseases is emphasized. The present pathological condition of the South Australian pine forests is discussed under the following headings: (1) general observations on growth, (2) "curly needle" disease, and (3) fungus diseases. Experiments were carried out to test the parasitism of Sphaeropsis and Pestalozzia sp. on Pinus insignis. These organisms were found not to be responsible for the disease under consideration. The abnormal types of growth are believed to be due to physiological causes. Armillaria mellea is mentioned as a root rot.-C. F. Korstian.

4430. SCHNEIDERHAN, F. J. Scab and other things. Proc. Virginia State Hort. Soc. 1922: 153-174. 1923.—An analysis of representative lots of cull apples at Winchester, Virginia, showed the cause of culling to be as follows: 53.9 per cent due to fungous diseases, 25.7 per cent to insect pests, and 20.4 per cent to other factors. Scab (Venturia inaequalis) was the most important single factor, 30.9 per cent being culled from this cause. A survey of spraying practices indicated that orchards in general are insufficiently equipped for satisfactory work and that the number of spray applications made is insufficient for satisfactory control of diseases and insects. The pink application was found to be of greatest value in scab control. The calculated values of the 4 early-season applications in scab control are as follows: delayed dormant, 3; pink, 41; calyx, 33; 2-weeks, 12.-F. D. Fromme.

4431. SMITH, RALPH E., and JOSEPH P. MARTIN. A self-mixing dusting machine for applying dry insecticides and fungicides. California Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 357. 497–505. Fig. 1-3. 1923.—It should not be assumed that the use of this machine will entirely take the place of factory-mixed dust. The idea at present applies only to a large power machine and is impracticable where hand machines are employed, or in any small scale work. Furthermore, many growers prefer ready-made material to anything which requires accurate measurement and mixing of materials in the field. The self-mixing machine, by increasing the practise of dusting, promises to supplement and extend the use of ready-made mixtures rather than to supplant or lessen their use.-A. R. C. Haas.

4432. SOUTH, F. W. Regulations controlling the importation of plants into the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and Johore. Malayan Agric. Jour. 10: 228–233. 1922. This constitutes an exact statement of the rules controlling the importation of plants in force on Oct. 31, 1922.-I. H. Burkill.

4433. STEARNS, L. A., and W. S. HOUGH. Spreader tests on apples and peaches. Proc. Virginia State Hort. Soc., 1922: 55-59. 1923.-Casein and flour-paste spreaders did not increase the efficiency of spray mixtures in the control of fungous diseases and insect pests of apple and peach. The spray mixtures employed were lime-sulphur for the early applications on apple, and Bordeaux mixture for the late applications. Atomic sulphur was used on peaches.-F. D. Fromme.

4434. Stuart, WILLIAM. The potato: its culture, uses, history and classification. ix + 518 p., frontispiece + 267 fig. J. B. Lippincott: Philadelphia and London, 1923.—Of this monographic work 101 pages are devoted to potato diseases and their control; insect and animal parasites of the potato and methods of controlling them; fungicides and insecticides, their preparation, use, application, and resultant benefits; spray equipment and classifi

cation.-Classification and treatment of the parasitic and non-parasitic diseases are first given in tabular form. This tabulation is followed by a discussion of each specific disease, including such data as distribution, symptoms, methods of infection, source of infection, preventive measures and their results, etc. In this manner the main facts are given concerning 17 parasitic and 5 non-parasitic diseases of the potato and their control.-Insect parasites of the potato are treated under (1) leaf-chewing and mining insects; (2) stem- and tuber-eating insects; and (3) sucking insects. Following a tabulation of some 14 of these insects (and the eelworm) with control measures, each is brought under detailed discussion.The chapter following gives a classification of fungicides and insecticides, with detailed descriptions, and directions for mixture and use.-Frederick V. Rand.

4435. TISDALE, W. B. Tobacco diseases in Gadsden County in 1922. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 166. 77-118. Fig. 14-28. 1922.-A description is given of tobacco diseases in Gadsden County, Florida. The common practice in Florida of covering the plant beds with cloth protects the seedlings from insects and no doubt prevents mosaic infection. Most growers also cut the stalks as soon as they have finished priming, which reduces the number of infected plants for insects to feed on. Clearing out the edges of shades, as is practiced by some growers, destroys insects and the source of mosaic infection.-Root-knot is the cause of serious damage; badly infested plants may be entirely killed, especially during the dry season. Except in badly infested areas there is only a slight amount of dwarfing and the yield is but little reduced. Infested fields usually show irregular growth of plants. Wildfire caused by Bacterium tabacum Wolf & Foster was reported in Florida in 1921; it spreads rapidly from leaf to leaf. The age of the plant and the weather conditions modify the appearance of the spots. It usually makes its appearance in the plant bed before the plants are ready for transplanting. During rains the wildfire germs are washed out of the diseased tissues of the host plant and are splashed on healthy leaves above and on nearby healthy plants. For control the seedbed should be disinfected before planting. Tobacco seed can be conveniently disinfected by tying loosely in a muslin bag and immersing for 10 minutes in a solution (1-1000) of corrosive sublimate or formaldehyde (1 fluid ounce to 1 pint of water). Used cloth over the beds should be avoided. The plants should be sprayed with 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture or a dust, such as that of Sanders.-Granville wilt caused by Bacterium Solanacearum E. F. S. is very serious. None of the tobacco strains showed any promising degree of resistance. Leafspot caused by Phyllosticta Nicotianae E. & E. is very limited in distribution and of minor importance. Specking, due probably to Cercospora Nicotianae E. & E. was very prevalent in 1922, but in fields where the leaves could be primed early the crop suffered very little damage; where rains delayed priming it caused considerable loss. It does not occur on vigorous, rapidly growing plants. Whenever growth is checked the disease appears on the lower leaves and advances upwards. The variety Big Cuba is recommended for planting.-Root-rot caused by Thielavia basicola (B. & Br.) Zopf. is found in the shaded tobacco fields of Florida and was widespread in 1922. Connecticut Round Tip is highly resistant, while Big Cuba is susceptible. The difference in growth of Big Cuba plants in badly infested fields indicates a difference in degree of resistance between individual plants. A few growers have started selection for resistance.-Black Shank, very likely caused by Phytophthora Nicotianae de Haan, has appeared in recent years and is very serious. The varieties Connecticut Round Tip and White Burley are most susceptible. No definite and practical method of control is offered. In Gadsden County the grower moves to new fields. Experimental steaming of several acres of land has demonstrated that the organism can be eradicated from the soil but this method is too expensive to be practical.-J. C. Th. Uphof.

4436. TISDALE, W. H., and J. W. TAYLOR. Organic mercury seed disinfectants. [Abstract.] Phytopathology 13:38. 1923.

4437. YOUNG, H. C. Sulphur as a fungicide. I. Colloidal sulphur. [Abstract.] Phytopathology 13: 60. 1923.

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

H. W. YOUNGKEN, Editor

E. N. GATHERCOAL, Assistant Editor

(See also in this issue Entries 3663, 3782, 3791, 4113, 4215, 4489, 4490)

4438. ANONYMOUS. Nos plantes médicinales de France. [Medicinal plants of France.] 8 pl. Comité Interministeriel des Plantes Médicinales et à Essences: Paris, 1923.—The following plants and their floral and fruiting parts are depicted in colors: Sarothamnus scoparius Koch., Aconitum napellus L., Papaver rhoeas L., Viola odorata L., Bryonia dioica Jacq., Digitalis purpurea L., Solanum dulcamara L., and Sambucus nigra L. Accompanying each of the plates is an account of the synonyms, parts used, description of plant, time of flowering, collection, preparations, properties, and uses.-H. W. Youngken.

4439. ANNETT, H. E., and M. N. BosE. Studies in the meconic acid content of Indian opium. Mem. Dept. Agric. India Chem. Ser. 6: 215-221. 1922.-It would seem that the physiological process whereby alkaloids are produced in the opium poppy produces meconic acid in amount equivalent to the alkaloids.-J. Sen.

4440. ASTON, B. C. The poisonous, suspected, and medicinal plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Jour. Agric. 26: 78-79. 1923.-Members of the Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Saxifrageae, Myrtaceae, Passifloreae, Umbelliferae, Rubiaceae, and Compositae are discussed.— N. J. Giddings.

4441. BALFOUR, ANDREW. Oil of Chenopodium [and] cultivation of Chenopodium plant. In: Report on Medical and Sanitary Matters in Mauritius, 1921, 22 p. Waterlow & Sons Ltd.: London, 1922.-Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum is generally regarded as the most satisfactory vermifuge in ankylostomiasis. It grows plentifully in Mauritius, where it is known as Botrys. Yields of oil from local plants proved low. The native plant is being placed under cultivation and high-class seed from the U. S. A. is being secured. Soil and climate appear to be well suited to successful cultivation of the plant.-J. R. Schramm.

4442. BLACK, O. F., W. W. EGGLESTON, J. W. KELLY, and H. C. TURNER. Poisonous properties of Bikukulla cucullaria (dutchman's breeches) and B. canadensis (squirrel corn). Jour. Agric. Res. 23: 69-78. Pl. 1. 1923.-Bicuculla cucullaria and B. canadensis have been considered poisonous to cattle in Virginia, which is confirmed for the former by preliminary feeding experiments on yearling steers. Chemical examination shows that the tops and roots of both species contain toxic alkaloids. Dilutions of the total alkaloids were subcutaneously injected into mice, with the result that it is estimated that B. cucullaria is about 6 times as toxic as B. canadensis. A highly poisonous and heretofore apparently unknown alkaloid, cucullarine, was found in B. cucullaria; its properties are described.-W. C. Muenscher.

4443. CARY, C. A. Poisonous action of red buckeye on horses, mules, cattle, hogs, and fish. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 218. 20 p. 1922. A description of Aesculus pavia L. and a report of tests on the effects of different parts of this plant on several animals are presented. While pigs, mules, cattle, and fish exhibited some symptoms of poisoning when fed parts of the plant, none were killed or permanently injured.-W. A. Gardner.

4444. CHAUVIN, E. Sur la toxicité de Volvaria gloïocephala DC. [On the toxicity of Volvaria glolocephala.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 1231-1233. 1922.-This species was considered deadly until recently, when Gautier reported it not toxic in Algeria. The author tested specimens, collected in France, on dogs, guinea pigs, and on himself, with no ill effects. He hesitates to declare it entirely non toxic, as individuals differ in susceptibility, and specimens are liable to differ according to the soil upon which they grow. Amanita junquilla proved slightly toxic at certain seasons.-C. H. Farr.

4445. DALMIER, E., et OLIVEAU. Trois cas simultanés di empoisonnement grave par Amanita pantherina. [Three cases of severe poisoning by Amanita pantherina.] Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 38: 100-105. 1922.-Typical muscarine poisoning of the cerebral type has been caused by eating Amanita pantherina mixed with harmless mushrooms.-D. S. Welch.

4446. GREENISH, HENRY G. Microscopical examination of foods and drugs. 3rd ed., xx +389 p., 209 fig. P. Blakiston's Son & Co.: Philadelphia, 1923.-The subject matter of this book is divided into 15 sections and 2 appendices in which the following topics are considered: starches, hairs and textile fibers, spores and glands, ergot, woods, stems, leaves, flowers, barks, seeds, fruits, rhizomes, roots, adulterants of powdered foods and drugs, general scheme for the examination of powders, reagents of general utility, and varieties of cell walls and cell contents and their identification. Several new methods of microtechnique have been introduced, including a process for the disintegration of tissues by maceration with chromic and nitric acids.-H. W. Youngken.

4447. NELSON, J. C. The bracken as a poisonous plant. Amer. Fern. Jour. 12: 125–127. 1922.-Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. pubescens, a weed in the Northwest, has been found poisonous to horses. The poisonous property seems to be due to a "fixed oil, insoluble in water," which is found in many ferns. The eradication of the fern seems impossible due to its deep-seated and drought-resistant rhizome.-F. C. Anderson.

4448. OFFNER, J. Empoisonnement par des champignons secs. [Poisoning by dried fungi.] Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 38: 106-108. 1922.-There have been many cases of poisoning from eating mushrooms preserved by drying. It is suggested that a strict supervision should be placed on the industry of collecting and drying of fungi for market.-D. S. Welch.

4449. TANERT, G. Seigle ergoté falsifié. [Adulterated ergot.] Répertoire Pharm. 35: 69-71. 1923.-About 17 per cent of the samples of ergot sold as coming from Sapin consisted of black grains with a grayish-yellow fractured surface. The taste of the article was farinaceous, and the adulterant sank in water. The adulterant consisted of masses of wheat starch paste passed through narrow apertures, and after being broken into suitable lengths, the fragments were colored by immersion, first in red and then in black ink.-H.W.Youngken.

4450. TERRY, O. P. Treatment of Rhus poisoning. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1921:141. 1922.—The article describes a method of using Tincture of grindelia for Rhus poisoning.— F. C. Anderson.

4451. ULLMANN, A. Ueber Tyramin (p-Oxyphenyläthylamin) als wirksamen Bestandteil der Droge Semina cardui Mariae (Stechdistelkörner). [Tyramine (p-hydroxyphenylethylamine) as the active principle of the drug Semina cardui Mariae (Cardui thistle seeds).] Biochem. Zeitschr. 128: 402-406. 1922.-A detailed description of the method by which tyramine, identified by physiological action and chemical tests, was obtained from seed of the plant in question.-W. W. Bonns.

4452. WALLIS, T. E. The Lycopodium method of quantitative microscopy. Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London 1920: 169–178. 1920.-In determining the quantity of the elements in an admixture, as of starches, the nature of the substances is first ascertained and a mixture of equal parts of these prepared and a known amount of Lycopodium spores added. Microscopic counts of the three elements are made; then the same quantity of the unknown is mixed with the same amount of Lycopodium spores and counts made in the same way. From this the quantity of each of the elements in the unknown is calculated.-Wm. Randolph Taylor.

PHYSIOLOGY

B. M. DUGGAR, Editor

W. J. ROBBINS, Assistant Editor

(See also in this issue Entries 3671, 3766, 3794, 3800, 3815, 3825, 3935, 3943, 3967, 4116, 4118, 4122, 4149, 4205, 4239, 4240, 4260, 4288, 4321, 4451, 4612, 4613, 4618, 4619, 4622, 4624)

GENERAL

4453. HANDOVSKY, H. Leitfaden der Kolloidchemie für Biologen und Mediziner. [Guide to colloid chemistry for biologists and medical students.] 8 vo., xvi + 206 p., 1 pl., 33 fig. Theodor Steinkopff: Dresden and Leipzig, 1922.

4454. Onslow, M. W. Practical plant biochemistry. Roy. 8 vo, 2nd ed., vii + 194 p. University Press: Cambridge, 1923.

4455. OSTWALD, CARL WILHELM WOLFGANG. [Translated by MARTIN H. FISCHER]. An introduction to theoretical and applied colloid chemistry "The world of neglected dimensions." 2nd ed. (from 8th German ed.) xiii + 266 p., portrait, illus. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1922.

PROTOPLASM, MOTILITY

4456. CHIBNALL, A. C. A new method for the separate extraction of vacuole and protoplasmic material from leaf cells. Jour. Biol. Chem. 55: 333-342. 1923.-The method consists in plasmolyzing the fresh leaves with ether or butyl alcohol, pressing out the major part of the vacuole content in a Buchner press, then washing out the remainder with 0.002 NHCl. Spinach leaves were used. The vacuolar fluid thus obtained contains only traces of protein, but does contain quantities of organic and inorganic phosphates. The cell walls are not ruptured by this treatment and the protoplasm, from which some of the water-soluble constituents may have been washed out, is retained in the cells and may be later obtained by grinding with water. It passes into colloidal solution and can be subsequently flocculated by the addition of acid. It is composed of substances soluble in alcohol and ether, together with a complex, the greater part of which is protein.-G. B. Rigg.

4457. WEBER, FRIEDL. Reversible Viskositätserhöhung des lebenden Protoplasmas bel Narkose. [Reversible increase in the viscosity of living protoplasm by narcotic action.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 40: 212-216. 1922.-Viscosity changes were measured by Weber's method, which makes use of the change in the position of the starch particles, that is, "Verlagerung" of the "statoliths" with centrifuging in conjunction with the particular treatment given. The author finds that the increase in viscosity with the epicotyls of Phaseolus multiflorus brought about by ether is considerable. The viscosity increase is reversible with weak ether concentrations, but higher strengths of the narcotic injures the protoplasm.-F. S. Howlett.

DIFFUSION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PHENOMENA, PERMEABILITY

4458. GIRARD, PIERRE. Au sujet d'une note de M. L. Lapicque sur le mécanisme des échanges entre la cellule et le milieu ambiant." [Concerning a note by L. Lapicque on the "mechanism for the interchange between the cell and the surrounding medium."] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 64-65, 1922.—The experiments performed by Lapicque [Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 174: 1490] on living algae are reproducible in vitro. It is contended that it is impossible to evaluate the osmotic pressure of living cells.-C. H. Farr.

4459. GIRARD, PIERRE, W. MESTREZAT, et LI-SHOU-HOUA. Schéme physique de la perméabilité sélective des cellules vivantes aux différents ions. [A physical scheme of selective permeability of living cells to different ions.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 183-185. 1922.-Experiments are made on the selective permeability of anions and cations through