4. I am a Whig, a Massachusetts Whig, a Faneuil Hall Whig, a revolutionary Whig, a constitutional Whig.

Antithesis. Opposite statements are often placed side by side that emphasis may be gained by contrast. This contrasting of ideas is called antithesis. It is often expressed by means of parallel construction, as the similarity of form emphasizes the contrast in meaning. Observe that emphasis is gained by antithesis in the following:

1. Memory presides over the past; Action presides over the present. The first lives in a rich temple, hung with glorious trophies and lined with tombs; the other has no shrine but Duty, and it walks the earth like a spirit.

2. Thought is weakened in its flight through the immensity of space; but Love soars around the throne of the Highest with added blessing and strength.

3. Talent knows what to do, tact knows how to do it; talent makes a man respectable, tact makes him respected; talent is wealth, tact is ready money.

Comparison. A thought may sometimes be expressed with greater force by the use of a comparison. The statement, "He fought well," may be expressed more forcibly by "He fought like a lion," or "He was a lion in the fight.” The statement, "The men cheered loudly," is not so emphatic as, "Cheers from the men like a volley burst."

Emphasis may often be gained by comparing inanimate objects with those having life in such a way as to give them the attributes of persons,. thus personifying them. "How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank" has more force as well as more beauty than "The moonlight shines upon this bank." Consider how impressive the following lines are made by the personification of freedom.

"When Freedom from her mountain height
Unfurled her standard to the air,

She tore the azure robe of night,
And set the stars of glory there."

Reconstruct the following sentences employing various means for gaining emphasis:

1. The fiery monster rushed on and on through the darkness as well as the daylight.

2. Fitz-James was brave, but the sight which now met his eye caused the color to leave his cheek and his heart to

beat faster.

3. Numberless dewdrops sparkle in the morning sunlight. 4. The cheerful man prefers to speak only of pleasant things, not staining the brightness of the morning for you with the recital of his own discomforts.

5. One of the most exquisitely beautiful of marine objects is the celebrated Argonaut, or paper nautilus, so-called because of the extreme thinness of the shell.

6. Who shall say he did not love his country when for her he has endured cold and hunger, for her he has died, for her he has suffered pain and fatigue, for her he fought?

7. Although Mozart died when he was only thirty-six, in this short time he had made for himself a name which will never perish.

8. We hear a great deal in these days respecting rights; the rights of labor, the rights of man, the rights of property, and the rights of private judgment.

9. The first streaks of morning light can be seen in the eastern sky, and soon the sun will rise out of the sea to give light and heat to the world.

Exercises

1. Using material from "Backlog Studies," the "Sir Roger de Coverley Papers," or some other selection which you are reading, discuss the methods by which clearness and emphasis are secured.

2. In" The Garrison in the Stockade," page 104, (a) select the modifiers in paragraphs (1) to (7), and state what each modifies. (b) Consider whether each is properly placed. (c) Select the pronouns in paragraphs (3) to (10), and name the antecedent of each; also the connective words and tell

what is connected by each. (d) Discuss unity, coherence, and emphasis in paragraphs (6) to (10). (e) Find examples of the periodic sentence and tell what quality is gained by its use. (f) Find examples of emphasis secured by placing the important word or phrase at the beginning of the sentence; at the end. (g) What quality of style is especially apparent in this selection?

3. Write sentences to illustrate the securing of coherence by a proper placing of modifiers; of pronouns; of connective words.

4. Write sentences to illustrate emphasis by means of climax; of antithesis; of comparison.

5. Examine one of the themes you have previously written to see whether the sentences have unity, coherence, and emphasis.

6. Rewrite this theme, improving the sentences when possible by applying what you have learned regarding the methods for securing unity, coherence, and emphasis.

SECTION XXII

Variety in Sentence Structure

You have found that it is often desirable to change the form of a sentence in order to give clearness, emphasis, or smoothness to language. It is also often necessary to vary the form of expression in order to avoid monotony in sentence structure. There are many ways in which the form of thought expression may be varied, but we shall at present consider only those changes which may be made `in the structure of the sentence.

Change in the Form of Modifiers. To avoid monotony the form of a sentence may often be varied by changing

the form of a modifier. This may be done by changing a word modifier to a phrase or a clause, or by contracting a phrase or a clause to a single word.

I. A Word Modifier may be expanded to a Phrase or a Clause.

1. An adjective word may be expanded into an adjective phrase or clause modifier.

The bobolink is our happiest spring bird.

The bobolink is the happiest bird of our spring.

It was fortunate that an honest boy found the purse.
It was fortunate that a boy who is honest found the purse.

2. A possessive form may be expanded into a phrase with of.

Our country's history is one of constant progress.

The history of our country is one of constant progress.

3. An adverb word may be expanded into an adverbial phrase.

We cannot honestly assert what we do not believe.

We cannot assert with honesty what we do not believe.

4. A noun in apposition may sometimes be changed to an adjective clause.

Homer, the blind bard of Greece, was the author of the Iliad.

Homer, who was the blind bard of Greece, wrote the Iliad. 5. A participle may sometimes be expanded into an adjective clause.

The brooks, rushing on to join the river, make sweet music as they ripple over the pebbles.

The brooks, that are rushing on to join the river, make sweet music as they ripple over the plebbes.

II. A Phrase or a Clause Modifier may often be condensed into one Word.

1. An adjective phrase or clause may be condensed to a single word.

The winds of autumn are rough and wild.

The autumn winds are rough and wild.

The branches, which are straight and bold, are covered with numberless twigs.

The straight, bold branches are covered with numberless twigs.

2. A phrase formed with the preposition of may often be condensed to a substantive in the possessive form.

The fables of Esop are valuable, because of the truths which they contain.

Esop's fables are valuable, because of the truths which they contain.

3. An adverbial phrase may often be condensed into one word.

The prisoner seized with eagerness this one chance for freedom.

The prisoner seized eagerly this one chance for freedom.

Other cases in which single words can be expanded into phrases and clauses furnish examples for contractions.

Rearrangement of Words. The expression of thought may often be varied by changing the order of the words in a sentence. The usual order of the words in the English declarative sentence is, first the subject, then the predicate. This is called the natural order of the sentence. When a part or all of the predicate is placed before the subject, the sentence is said to have the inverted order. The inverted order is often used in poetry for poetic effect, and in prose to give clearness or emphasis or to avoid monotony when this order can be employed without changing the meaning or affecting the sense.