as articles of furniture, cooking utensils, etc., and state which are of Anglo-Saxon and which are of Latin origin. Consult a dictionary when necessary to determine the origin of a word.

3. Substitute short words when possible for the long words in the following:

(a) The judge questioned the individual, and from the character of the replies that he received he felt justified in concluding that the prisoner was an escaped convict who had been incarcerated in the penitentiary, and he immediately entered into communications with the authorities of that institution in order to ascertain whether his conjectures were correct.

(b) To enforce this mandate of our fundamental law, each school district in this commonwealth has for the past forty years, under enactments of varied phraseology but like intent, been required to provide suitable school facilities and accommodations for all children of school age, residing therein and desiring to attend school.

(c) Every one knows that our higher institutions of learning make the successful completion of academic work leading up to their respective courses of study an indispensable condition of matriculation; also that attainment equivalent in scope and thoroughness to that required for admission into these higher institutions of learning is necessary to make our youth valuable members of society, prepare them for intelligent self-directing service, and to qualify them for the arduous responsibilities of citizenship.

4. Read some selection and make a list of the specific and also of the general words which it contains.

5. Substitute general for specific words in a description selected from the writings of Irving, Hawthorne, or Stevenson, and consider the effect of the change.

6. Give five specific words which may be used under each of the following general words:

Sound, color, shape, house, bird, move, picture, good, bad.

7. Write sentences using, first, a general term from the above, and then one of the specific terms which falls under it, and consider which is more effective. Similarly, write sentences using all the general words in the list and one or more specific words under each.

8. Study a page from Ruskin, Lamb, Warner, or some other author which you are reading, and be prepared to discuss the appropriateness of the words.

9. Write an account of falling into the water while fishing or of escaping from a burning building, using short words in your narrative.

10. Examine several of your themes to discover whether you habitually use long or short words, general or specific terms. Consider whether you can improve any of the sentences by changing any of the words.

PART III

CHAPTER VII

EFFECTIVENESS IN LANGUAGE

SECTION XXIX

Various Ways of saying the Same Thing

You have learned that there are many different ways of saying the same thing, and that one form of expression may be better suited to one's purpose in one case and another form may be more desirable in another case. You have also seen that it is necessary to have a large vocabulary from which to choose words, and to know how to arrange them in sentences in various ways in order to express thought in different forms. Since facility in the use of language is the thing for which we constantly strive, the many ways in which thought may be expressed, and the results which may be obtained by the use of these different forms comprise a very important part of our study of language. A study of the various ways of saying the same thing, and the results obtained by the use of different forms is both interesting and profitable. Through a careful reading of literature you will find many ways in which the same thought may be expressed by different writers, and even by the same writer for different purposes.

The two definitions of an exclamatory sentence, given below, both state the same fact and convey the same idea of what an exclamatory sentence is, but different words

are used, and the meaning is expressed in a different way. The purpose of the writer in each case is to state clearly what an exclamatory sentence is, and he uses the words and the form of expression which he thinks will best define it.

Any sentence that expresses surprise, grief, appeal, or any strong emotion in the form of an exclamation or cry may be called an exclamatory sentence.

When declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences are used as exclamations, expressing strong feeling, they are called exclamatory sentences.

A fact may often be stated or a thought expressed in entirely different language. In the following, notice the use of different language to express the same thought, and tell what this thought is.

The childhood shows the man,
As morning shows the day.

The child is father of the man.

- MILTON.

WORDSWORTH.

The thought, that many persons have elements of greatness that are never discovered, and thus they live obscure lives, is expressed in different ways in the following:

Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast,
The little tyrant of his fields withstood:
Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,

Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood.

How many a rustic Milton has passed by,
Stifling the speechless longings of his heart,
In unremitting drudgery and care!
How many a vulgar Cato has compelled
His energies, no longer tameless then,
To mold a pin or fabricate a nail!

-

GRAY.

-SHELLEY.

A thought similar to the one just given is expressed in

the following quotations. What is this thought?

Full many a gem of purest ray serene

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

Many a flower by man unseen

Gladdens lonely recesses;

Many a nameless brook makes green
Haunts its beauty blesses.

- GRAY.

- BERNARD BARTON.

We see from a reading of the following that the writers quoted had the same thought about sleep, but notice how differently they express it.

Sleep, nurse of our life, care's best reposer,
Nature's highest rapture, and the vision giver.
-LORD HERBERT.

Sleep, Silence's child, sweet father of soft rest,
Prince, whose approach peace to all mortals brings,
Indifferent host to shepherds and to kings,
Sole comforter of minds with grief opprest.

- DRUMMOND OF HAWTHORNDEN.

Just as a fact may be stated in different ways or a thought may be expressed in various forms, so a description may be given, an incident may be related, or a narrative may be told in various ways by different persons, or even by the same person for different purposes. A comparison of the description of the same object or person, the accounts of the same event, or the exposition of the same truth as presented by different writers is interesting in showing us the various ways in which the same subject may be treated with equal truth and accuracy. Since no two persons, perhaps, see a thing in exactly the same way, or are affected in the same manner by an incident, it is not strange that their accounts differ; for each speaks or writes from his own point of view, or according to the purpose which he may have in mind. Our