During his earlier years in England Junius had made a thorough study of the Anglo-Saxon and English language and literature, and one of the results was his publication of the Paraphrase of Cædmon printed at Amsterdam in 1655. Besides this he had made transcripts of many old English manuscripts.1 As a result of his study of the Frisic language he published four works: 1. Leges Frisionum to which he added a Frisic poem of four pages entitled: Hoe dae Friesen Roem wonner; 2. Liber legum et consuetudinum frisicarum, frisice; 3. Leges Frisionum antiquæ editæ per Sibrand Siccama; and 4. Dictionarium Frisico-Latinum to which he added: Carmina Frisica cum notis Junii ex chartis laceris.

From all this we may draw the conclusion that Junius knew thoroughly the English, the Anglo-Saxon, the Frisic and the Dutch languages and that he was well acquainted with German, French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, as being a theologian from Leyden University, and it certainly was a fortunate event in the history of philology that to the able hands of this man came the main codex of the Gothic language. I fear no contradiction when I say that in all Europe hardly could have been found a man to whom the silver-codex could better have been entrusted than to Franciscus Junius.

After this survey of Junius' life we return to those ten years from 1655 to 1665 during which Junius studied the Gothic language from the silver-codex, living together with his sister, the widow of Gerardus Vossius and her son Isaac Vossius. How interesting it is to see those two great Dutch scholars, Isaac Vossius and his uncle Junius, living for some years

1 See Logeman. Junius' transcripts of old English Texts, in the Academy of 1890; quoted by De Hoog. Studies, etc., I, p. 10.

together a quiet life, devoted to their much beloved literary and linguistic researches in the rustic town. of the Hague of that time with its beautiful environs; to see these two European scholars, who were during so many years before, nearly all the time abroad, either in France with Hugo Grotius, or in England in the company of British lords, or in Sweden at the court of Queen Christina, studying and making their researches in all libraries, leading with only a few others the development of European learning, to see those two remarkable men living together in quiet devotion enjoying the company and the delightful conversation of each other, both in their daily life under the maternal care of the widow, who was the older sister of one, and the mother of the other. Here they met with one of the great problems in the history of philology, the study and the investigation of the contents of that famous Gothic manuscript that required for several years the industrious toil of the man who more than anyone was qualified for this work. During ten years Junius occupied himself with this great and difficult task, and at the end of those ten years he gave to the world and to all posterity the results of his labor by publishing in the year 1665 at Dordrecht the four gospels contained in the Gothic codex, together with an Anglo-Saxon version1 of the same part of the bible. To this comparative edition of the four gospels in Anglo-Saxon and in Gothic, he added a little dictionary, or glossarium, as a first step for the further study of the new field. That Junius in this great effort did not immediately bring the new field of learning to its highest development, and that he made some mistakes, is no wonder indeed. The

1 This Anglo-Saxon version had been published before, viz., in the year 1571 by John Fox. De Hoog. Studies, I, p. 14. Junius however made a revised edition.

best philologist of our days may look at Junius as our present engineers look at the inventor of the first steam engine. But like the work of Watts, so Junius' work was an event in history, and it began a great movement. A movement not the least in England, where Junius had lived for so many years, where he had given so much care to the old Anglo-Saxon language of the country and where he personally had gained such fame in the literary world. Scholars of good ability followed in the footsteps of Junius, and soon George Hickes,1 although a theologian by profession like Junius himself, studied successfully the Anglo-Saxon and the Gothic languages, and after him, during the eighteenth century Edward Lye wrote his famous Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon and the Gothic languages, published after the death of the author in the year 1772. It was also Lye who ameliorated the Etymologicum Anglicanum, which Junius had left to the Bodleian library, and which was published after the death of Lye, viz., in the year 1773; a work which Samuel Johnson used for the latest editions of his Dictionary of the English Language.2

1 Hickes published at least two important works: 1. Institutiones grammaticae Anglo-Saxonica et Moeso-Gothica, 1669. 2. Linguarum veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus, 1705. See De Hoog, Studies. I, 16.

2 Ibid., p. 17.

CHAPTER IV

THE DUTCH SCHOOL OF LAMBERT TEN KATE AND BALTHAZAR HUYDECOPER

In Holland not less than in England, after the example of Junius, a school of scholars arose, who studied the languages in their historical development and in comparison with each other. Arnold Moonen (1664-1711), William Sewel (1654-1720), Lambert ten Kate (1674-1731) and Balthazar Huydecoper (1695-1778) were the most prominent men of this school.1

Arnold Moonen and William Sewel studied especially the grammar of the Dutch and the English languages; Lambert ten Kate studied the relationship between the Gothic, the Dutch, the Anglo-Saxon, the German and the Icelandic languages; and Balthazar Huydecoper devoted a great part of his life to the study of medieval literature, which came to the foreground as a natural consequence of the study and the importance of Gothic, and consequently of all the literary remains of past centuries.

Moonen published his Dutch grammar in the year 1706, which remained the textbook during a great part of the eighteenth century; Sewel, whose grandfather Jan Willem Sewel was born in the Netherlands and married a Dutch woman Judith Tinspenning, kept up his traditional love for the English language-his 1 Herman Paul. Grundriss der Germanischen Philologic. 2 vols., I, p. 35. W. J. A. Jonckbloet. Geschiedenis der Ned. Letterkunde. V. 566. Jan te Winkel. De Ontwikkelingsgag der Ned, Letterkunde, III, 354-362. Van der Aa. Biographisch Woordenboek on the names of these authors.

grandfather came with the Brownists from England about the year 1600-the mother tongue of his ancestors, and studied, besides English and Dutch, several other languages: French, Latin and Greek. He published in 1712 a Dutch grammar, in 1740 a compendious guide for the Low Dutch language, in 1727 his famous dictionary of the English and Dutch languages, and in 1718 an ameliorated edition of the Flemish grammar of La Grace.

But the master of this school was no doubt Lambert ten Kate. He was a man of great abilities and of fine taste. He studied not only philosophy, literature and languages, but he was as well a great lover of art, and collected a beautiful library of books about art and literature. His favorite study was, however, comparative philology. In the year 1710 he published a book on the relationship of the Dutch and the Gothic languages. But his best work was his Introduction to the higher knowledge of the Dutch language, 2 vols., Amst. 1723, in which he compared the Dutch with the Gothic, the Frankish, the German, the Anglo-Saxon and the Icelandic. After his death he left several unpublished writings, now in the University library at Amsterdam, among which is a work in two volumes on the sound system.1 Herman Paul says that Ten Kate followed in the footsteps of Junius and Hickes, but that in his historical researches into languages he excelled them by far, and that among all the scholars of the older school Ten Kate came the nearest to the point of view of Jacob Grimm. For etymology, says Paul, Ten Kate was the first in Europe who had a real scientific foundation for his researches.3

Kate.

1 See Van de Aa.

2 Herman Paul.

3 Ibid., p. 36.

Biographic Dictionary under the name Ten Grundriss I, 35.