usually made; second, the detection of tuberculosis among teachers and prospective teachers. In a large number of American cities, he says, principally in the West, persons having tuberculosis are not allowed to teach in the public schools; and here also the detection of the disease depends upon the thoroughness of the medical examination, which sometimes is performed carefully while in other cases it is not.

The presence of tuberculosis among teachers must be regarded as of the utmost danger to the community-of more danger than is the presence of tuberculosis in any other class of persons, for they, even with the utmost care as to the disposal of sputum, will cough in the air, and so expose every pupil in the room to contagion.

The third step advocated by Doctor Gulick is the instruction of the pupils themselves "with reference to the fundamental facts regarding tuberculosis." This is to be effected by giving instruction, at first, in individual hygiene in such a manner that the pupils will understand and remember it, and later in the course the instruction should include personal, social, and community hygiene. The instruction relating to tuberculosis would form part of the course in physiology and hygiene which, in accordance with the legal requirements of the several States, extends practically through all the years of the school life. It will begin with simple facts within the child's knowledge and be gradually extended from year to year, inculcating cleanly and healthful habits, until it ends with including public hygiene the purity of waters, the cleanliness of streets and buildings, and the lighting, heating, and ventilation of rooms.

The fourth step in the preventive propaganda suggested by Doctor Gulick is the instruction of prospective teachers with regard to tuberculosis, in which, he adds, they are at present inadequately instructed at the normal schools.

Besides these four specific or direct attacks upon tuberculosis, Doctor Gulick suggests other indirect means of preventing the spread of the disease, which he discusses under the heads of ventilation, exercise, playgrounds and playtime, and dust-free school buildings.

FUTURE CONGRESSES.

Among the congresses announced for the coming year (1910) are: The Third International Congress on Home Education, to be held in Brussels, 1910, in connection with the universal exposition. At the request of the Belgian Government an American committee has been formed to cooperate with the organizing committee in Belgium in the preliminary plans for the congress. Prof. M. V. O'Shea, of the University of Wisconsin, has consented to act as chairman of

the American committee, a service which he rendered, also, in preparation for the first congress of the series, which was held at Liège in 1905.

The International Congress on Administrative Sciences.-This Government has been notified that an international congress for the discussion of administrative sciences will meet July 28-31, during the exposition of 1910 at Brussels, under the patronage of the Belgian Government, the Belgian minister of the interior being the honorary president of the congress, while the other ministers of state will represent their respective departments in furthering its objects. The circular issued by the organizing committee of the congress recites that the conception of the functions of public administration has completely changed within the last few decades. The general governments of the various countries and their subordinate divisions, particularly the cities and communes, have undertaken new duties and responsibilities which are constantly increasing and becoming more complicated and delicate. Hence, the attention which is being given to administration as a science by savants as well as by men of affairs has increased to such an extent that in many countries the universities have established special faculties of political and administrative sciences to give formal instruction in these branches, while cities give exhibits of their methods of conducting municipal affairs at expositions, and even the general public now seeks to familiarize itself with the principles of administration. It seems to the committee, therefore, that the time has come to synthetize this general movement in an international congress at which all matters relating to public administration, its organization, support, personnel, and methods should be discussed and compared. Accordingly, the aim of this congress is to bring together all those who, by their position or duties, or by the nature of their studies, are especially interested in public affairs, and it is hoped that the best administrators of all countries will take occasion of the congress to give the results of their experience and studies.

The congress being international, only questions of general interest affecting the greatest number of countries will be discussed, those which concern only some particular country being excluded.

The five or six volumes of reports of the proceedings of the congress, which will be published in French, Dutch, English, and German, will afford, it is believed, a very complete and practical compendium of administrative science.

Third International Congress on School Hygiene.-In Volume I of the report of this bureau for 1907 a report was given of the proceedings of the Second International Congress on School Hygiene, which was held at London August 5 to 10, 1907. The third congress will meet at Paris, France, August 2-7, 1910. From the "statute" or

constitution of the congress it is learned that all persons interested in school hygiene may become ordinary members of the congress upon payment to the treasurer of the required fee (the equivalent of 25 francs)."

The texts of papers which members propose to read (and this privilege is confined to members who have paid their subscriptions) must be sent to the general secretary at least two months before the meeting of the congress, and each should be accompanied by a short résumé which can be printed and distributed to members before the opening of discussion. Papers should not exceed 2,000 words in length and the résumés 300. While the papers presented may be written in any European language, preference will be given to French, German, and English, and papers written in other languages than these should be accompanied by a résumé written in one of them. Only those papers will be read at the congress which shall have been sent to the general secretary two months previously, and they must not have been published elsewhere.

The congress will be divided into various sections with the usual officers as follows: (1) Buildings and school furniture; (2) hygiene of residential institutions; (3) medical inspection of schools and the individual records, practical results; (4) physical instruction and training; (5) hygiene of the school child, prophylaxis of contagious diseases at school, school diseases; (6) out of school hygiene, openair schools, vacation colonies, etc.; (7) the teaching staff, its hygiene and relation with the homes and school doctors; (8) teaching of hygiene to the teachers, scholars, and parents; (9) time-tables and methods of education in their relation to school hygiene; (10) special schools for abnormal children.

Standing committees in connection with the congress have been formed in the various States of Germany, and in England, AustriaHungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cuba, Denmark, the United States, Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, and Switzerland, while similar committees are in process of formation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Spain, Holland, Mexico, Peru, and Servia. From this statement will appear the importance which is attached to the subject and the widespread interest manifested in it in all parts of the civilized world. The officers of the proposed committee for the United States are: President, Dr. John H. Musser; vice-president, Dr. Arthur T. Cabot; secretary and treasurer, Dr. Thomas A. Storey. The other members, who are styled the "executive committee " in the circular of announcement at hand, number 231, include presidents of

a Applications for membership should be addressed to the general secretary, M. le Dr. Dufestel, 10, Boulevard Magenta, Paris, and postal orders or checks for the admission fee to the treasurer, M. le Dr. de Pradel, 120, Avenue Émile-Zola.

universities, professors of education, professors of physiology and hygiene in medical schools and universities, anthropologists, practicing physicians, school superintendents and principals, and professors of physical training from all parts of the country.

XVI. INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION RELATIONS.

THE RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS-CONCESSION AS TO QUALIFYING EXAMINATION IN GREEK.

[Copy of letter sent to members of the American committees of selection.]

SEYMOUR HOUSE, WATERLOO PLACE,

London, S. W., February, 1909.

DEAR SIR: As you are aware, the University of Oxford exacts a certain minimum of Greek of all members of the university who intend to proceed to the ordinary degree.

Greek has therefore formed one of the subjects for the examination, accepted as exempting from responsions, which candidates for the Rhodes scholarships are required by the trustees to pass in order to become eligible. There is no immediate probability that the demand of the university in this particular will be changed. It has, however, been frequently pointed out that even the small amount of Greek required for this qualifying examination prevents a proportion of otherwise desirable candidates in the United States from competing for the Rhodes scholarships. It is also claimed that some such students, who are unwilling to prepare the required Greek on the mere chance of getting a scholarship, would willingly do so when once the scholarship had been definitely awarded to them.

The trustees are anxious, as far as possible, to bring the scholarships within the reach of every student of marked ability. They have accordingly decided that any candidate from the United States who has passed the qualifying examination in Latin and mathematics shall be eligible, even though he may not have passed in Greek. It must be distinctly understood, however, that Oxford University has not changed its requirements. Responsions, or its equivalent (and in either case Greek is a necessary subject), must still be passed by all who wish to follow the ordinary curriculum.

American students who pass the Rhodes qualifying examination in all three subjects (Latin, Greek, and mathematics) will be in the future, as heretofore, exempt from responsions. Those, however, who qualify in Latin and mathematics only will be obliged to satisfy the

Oxford responsions examiners in Greek before they can offer themselves for any examination which presupposes responsions.

Moreover, it may be taken as certain that the Oxford colleges which accept scholars so selected will expect them to pass the Greek of responsions on coming into residence. A responsions examination is held at Oxford toward the end of September in each year. Rhodes scholars, therefore, who have not passed the qualifying examination in Greek should be prepared to come to Oxford in time for this examination. As it is expected that hereafter the election of scholars will be completed by the end of December in each year, a scholar-elect will have nine months in which to master the amount of Greek required. Experience has shown that this allows ample time for a student of ability.

This concession is made to meet exceptional cases, but the trustees hope that the great majority of candidates will still pass the qualifying examination as heretofore in all three subjects, since thus the scholar will have no further trouble with Greek, but will be at liberty to devote the nine months subsequent to his election to subjects more germane to the line of study which he proposes to follow at Oxford. Believe me, yours, very truly,

GEO. R. PARKIN.

OXFORD LEGISLATION REGARDING COLUMBIA STUDENTS.

In a meeting of the convocation of Oxford University held on May 12, 1908, the following decree with reference to students of Columbia University was promulgated:

1. That any member of Columbia University, New York, who, having satisfied the examiners in elementary Greek for admission, shall also have either received the grade of B or higher for courses in Greek aggregating at least six points, or received the grade of C or higher for courses in Greek aggregating at least ten points, shall be deemed to have shown a sufficient knowledge of Greek as required by the provisions of Statute II, section 9, “On students from foreign universities" (cl. 11).

2. That any member of Columbia University, New York, who shall have pursued at that university a course of study extending over two years at the least, and shall have completed at least 72 points toward the degree of bachelor of arts or bachelor of science, including all the prescribed subjects, and shall have received throughout the grade of C or higher, shall be eligible for admission to the status and privileges of a foreign junior student.

3. That any member of Columbia University, New York, who shall have pursued at that university a course of study extending over three years at the least, and who shall have completed at least 94 points toward the degree of bachelor of arts or bachelor of science, including all prescribed work, and shall have obtained either (a) third year or final general honors, or (b) the degree of bachelor of arts or bachelor of science with final departmental or divisional honors, shall be eligible for admission to the status and privileges of a foreign senior student.