The writer of the article goes on to show how the literature of China is becoming reshaped by the new learning. Thousands of new words are being incorporated into the body of the national vocabulary. "New expressions, new constructions of sentences" are making a revolution in the Chinese literary world. A new activity has laid hold of the pens of ready and able writers, and ideas alive, pulsating with vitality, are being given forth without cessation. The student body is the mainspring of the movement in China; in fact, is the movement.

The Chinese students are great readers. They are not only seeking all the knowledge they can get through the medium of their own language, but are reading books in other languages, especially Japanese, English, French, and German. The association reading rooms are supplied with many of the leading newspapers and magazines, published in Chinese, Japanese, and English.

The stream of Korean young life continues to flow toward the land of the rising sun. And this is true regardless of the fact that there is a strong racial feeling between the two peoples. The Korean students are not coming to Japan because of any love for Japan, but for self-protection and self-preservation. They are willing to come for the sake of the learning they can get. Many have come to learn the secret of Japan's success. Korea is now giving herself up to the acquirements of western civilization. She is now not only trying to learn what Japan can teach her in Korea, but she is sending in great numbers her young men to Japan. There are to-day 700 Korean students in Tokyo alone, enrolled in the various government and private schools. This is an increase of 200 over last year. Men of all ages are coming to Japan to study. Many of them are from 30 to 40 years of age. There are also no less than 100 who are under 18 years of age. The average age of the total number now is about 19, as against 22 of last year. On the whole, a younger class of men and boys are coming.

The educational work of the Korean association has grown in popularity until now more than 100 students are enrolled in its classes. English, Japanese, history, mathematics, and a few other subjects are being taught in the association classes.

BRITISH AND GERMAN UNIVERSITIES IN CHINA.

A British university is to be established in Hongkong, which will limit itself, in the first place, to instruction in medicine and engineering, because these are the two branches of Western science for which at present there is the largest demand in China. A citizen has offered $135,000, to be used in constructing suitable buildings, on condition that adequate funds, computed at $500,000, are provided for purposes

of equipment and endowment. An essential feature of the scheme is that all students shall reside in colleges and hostels where they will be constantly in touch with the British professional staff, and thus withdrawn from the unwholesome influences which too often surround Chinese students in a Chinese city.

The German educational establishment which is to be created at Kiao-chau is in name only a high school, but in reality its scope is much larger than that of the projected British university at Hongkong. Besides medical and technical branches, it will comprise an agricultural branch (including forestry), and a political science branch, comprehending international law, state and administrative law, mining and maritime law, political economy, and finance. The technical branch, to which special importance is evidently attached, will cover not only mining, electrical and railway engineering, but also architecture and shipbuilding.

Nor is this all. In connection with the high school there is to be a preparatory school of six classes on the lines of a German realschule (without Latin), for which pupils will be received from Chinese government schools, as well as from other German schools already existing in China. The German Government assumes the whole cost, except for a contribution of $10,000 from the Peking government, which has agreed, moreover, to accept the certificate issued by the Kiao-chau High School as a qualification for admission to the Chinese government service. The capital cost of the Kiao-chau establishment is estimated at $160,000, and the annual outlay at $50,000.

A Tokyo correspondent of the London Times, from whom we obtain these facts, points out that another important feature of the Kiaochau plan is the creation of a translating department, in which German linguists, assisted by Chinese scholars, will undertake the translation of German text-books and other works into the vernacular, presumably the Mandarin or literary dialect. The activity of this department is not to be confined to school instruction alone, but to be extended to the whole field of literature. (Extracts from the Boston Transcript, Aug. 30, 1909.)

CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN CHINA.

At the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Foreign Mission Boards of the United States and Canada, held in New York in January, 1909, a committee on education in China was appointed. The resolution creating the committee, as passed by the conference, was as follows:

Resolved further, That the proposal for the appointment of a committee on the present educational needs and opportunities in China be approved, and that this committee consist of the committee on reference and counsel with the addition of twelve laymen, not more than half of whom shall be members of mission

boards, these laymen to be chosen by the committee on reference and counsel, and this new committee to appoint its own officers.

Resolved further, That the function of this committee shall be to promote a larger interest in Christian education in China, but it shall not itself receive or administer funds therefor without further action of this conference.

This will be the active committee, for at least a year, in this country, for the union Christian educational effort for China.

Mr. W. Henry Grant, 156 Fifth avenue, New York, is secretary.

XVII. HEALTH AND HYGIENE.

DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL HYGIENE, ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [The following information is taken from a paper on the above subject furnished this office by Supt. Ben Blewett, of the St. Louis schools. ]

The St. Louis board of education in February, 1909, gave its approval to a report by the superintendent of instruction, in which was presented a plan for establishing a department the function of which should be to discover and cause to be remedied, as far as possible, physical defects and communicable diseases that might interfere with efficient school work. In giving effect to this plan the following sections were added to rule 8:

SEC. XVI. There shall be a division of the department of instruction, designated as the "department of school hygiene."

SEC. XVII. The work of this department shall be

(a) To examine all of the pupils at least once a year for the purpose of ascertaining the existence of any physical defect that interferes with the pupil's progress in the school, and to report any such defect to the parents, and advise that the family physician be consulted.

(b) To examine daily all evidences of the presence in the schools of communicable disease and to make prompt report of all cases of such to the board of health or its officers.

(c) To examine the sanitary conditions of the school premises and to make report of it to the superintendent of instruction.

SEC. XVIII. The superintendent of instruction shall have power to appoint for this work a supervisor of hygiene and as many inspectors of hygiene as the board may from time to time determine.

The supervisor and inspectors shall be graduates of medical colleges of recognized standing.

SEC. XIX. The supervisor of hygiene shall be a skilled physician and shall have general supervision of the work of the department and such other duties connected with it as may be assigned to him by the superintendent of instruction. He shall devote his entire time to the work of the department.

SEC. XX. The inspectors of hygiene shall devote themselves to this work for ten months in each year, and shall during all school hours be engaged in their investigations in the school buildings; and during the school term shall use

such further time as shall be required for making the necessary examinations and reports.

No one shall be nominated for or appointed to the position of inspector of hygiene who has not passed successfully an examination offered by the board of education to all candidates for such positions. This examination shall be given both as a test of professional training and experience as a physician, and of personal qualifications for this special work.

SEC. XXI. The supervisor and inspectors shall be elected for a term of one year by the board of education upon nomination of the superintendent of instruction. The schedule of salaries shall be so fixed as to include the necessary expenses for car fare or livery, for which no extra allowance shall be made. SEC. XXII. The supervisor and inspectors shall not treat any case of physical defect or disease that has been discovered by either of them while engaged in the work of this department.

SEC. XXIII. The provisions of the rules of the board of education and of the charter, relating to the suspension and removal of teachers, shall apply to the supervisor and inspectors in this department.

SEC. XXIV. The work of the department shall be conducted under such further regulations as may be prescribed by the superintendent of instruction, with the approval of the board of education.

Five districts were to be provisionally established, and each assigned to one inspector of hygiene. The following scale of salaries was proposed: Supervisor, first year, $2,500; second year, $2,600; this salary to be paid in twelve monthly installments. Inspectors, first year, $1,200; second year, $1,300; third year, $1,400; fourth year, $1,500; these salaries to be paid in ten monthly installments.

It was also recommended that a bacteriological laboratory be opened in the board of education building, or in some school building, and that it be equipped with necessary instruments and supplies.

The opinion of the attorney was required on the suggested change of rules. The following portions of his opinion answer the question of the right of the board to undertake the proposed work:

Our state constitution declares that a "general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence is essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people," and therefore provides for the establishment and maintenance of free public schools. Pursuant to this constitutional provision, the general assembly in 1833 provided for the establishment of such schools in St. Louis, and in that act it was provided that the board of education "shall have power to make all rules, ordinances, and statutes proper for the government and management of such schools and property, so that the same shall not be inconsistent with the laws of the land," and generally to do all lawful acts which may be proper or convenient to carry into effect the business of the corporation. It is a fundamental principle in statutory and constitutional construction that a comprehensive grant of power, particularly for the accomplishment of great public ends, necessarily carries with it the right to select any appropriate means which are not prohibited by law.

It therefore follows that the board of education may determine, in the exercise of a wise discretion, whether the establishment of a department of school hygiene, with a supervisor and a number of inspectors in charge, is a necessary or proper means for maintaining the efficiency of the schools, whether such

means are reasonably required for "the general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence" which our constitution declares to be "essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people.”

The superintendent of instruction reported to the board in April, 1909, as follows:

In accordance with the provisions of rule 8, Section XX, and the action of the board at the February meeting, an examination of candidates for the position of inspector of hygiene was held on April 28.

The examination was conducted by the superintendent of instruction, assisted by the medical adviser and the assistant superintendents.

The examination consisted of a written test of professional scholarship and experience and an oral test of special fitness for the work.

The written test was covered by sets of questions on seven general topics. During the written examination the candidates' papers were identified by the numbers and not by the names of the writers. In estimating the results of the examination, 50 per cent was allowed to the written test and 50 per cent to the oral test. The value of testimonials entered into the oral test. Fifty physicians having the qualifications required by the board presented themselves for the examination. Of this number, 46 were white men, 2 white women, and 2 colored men. Complete reports on the examination, including sets of questions given in the written examination, are placed in the files in the superintendent's office.

Eligible list.-Upon a careful review of the per cent returns of the examination, without knowledge of the names of the candidates, it was thought best to report to the board the names of all who made 75 per cent or more, and in the order of their standing in the examination.

The work of the new department will begin with the opening of the new school year (1909-10). Each inspector will have under his care between three and four thousand pupils, including the pupils of one of the special schools for individual instruction.

The details of administration of the department are being worked out. These details will include forms of reports and records for the guidance of the department and for the information of teachers, physicians, and the general public.

THE BROOKLINE DAY CAMP AND SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN.

This camp and school combined, located in Brookline, Mass., a residence town adjoining the city of Boston, was opened July 7, 1908, and closed September 26 following. The officers of the Brookline Friendly Society, the Brookline Anti-Tuberculosis Society, and the health department united in an effort to arrest the development of tuberculosis found in its early stages in 23 boys and girls taken from the poorer districts of the town. The camp was located on the grounds of the board of health hospital, and was arranged, with reference to shelter and accommodations, very much as day camps for adult tuberculosis patients are arranged in other parts of the country.