($44.49), though perhaps characteristic of the valuation set upon higher education of girls in Germany, is not likely to be found in this country.

NEW AGENCIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN GERMANY.

THE HAMBURG COLONIAL INSTITUTE.

Hamburg, the wealthy Hanse town and a German State, maintained for many years a number of lecture courses for advanced students. For over ten years the question was agitated whether it would not be best to establish a university in Hamburg, and if so, whether the institution should be a commercial university like the one in Cologne, or a university of the old type, of which the Empire has 21. The government of the State of Hamburg finally decided to introduce a new type of school, a colonial institute, which could prepare young men for colonial service, and at the same time aid the oversea business interests of the famous old center of foreign commerce.

This institute was opened at the close of the year 1908 with 36 students. It is to be a university for planters, merchants, and officials who intend to go to the colonies, and also a point where scientific and colonial endeavors can concentrate. In preparing young men for life in the colonies, the institution will not only impart knowledge, but will also be instrumental in infusing a spirit of self-dependence into the would-be colonists and settlers, from which, it is hoped, much benefit and advantage will ultimately accrue to the mother country. The programme of the institute contains the following

announcement:

The curriculum is based on the idea that immediate and practical advantage must not be aimed at, so much as free theoretic interest in all that tends toward the progress of science, experience having taught that scientific work is ultimately serviceable and beneficial to practical life. The course of study includes law, political economy, philology, history, geography, medicine, and the natural sciences, but in all cases adapted to the special needs of the colonies. The lectures on colonial politics and on profit-sharing colonial plants will be supplemented by excursions to warehouses and factories where colonial produce is prepared for the European market, so that the lecturer can demonstrate, with the entire process before him, how the raw material is treated and the place of the product in the commercial world. Geography and geology will be taught side by side, and the lectures will be illustrated in the course of excursions to different parts of Germany where diversified geological formations and the methods of adapting them to cultivation can be observed.

An additional course of lectures will be devoted to an explanation of the best manner of preparing food in the Tropics, and the students will be trained to give first aid in cases of accidents and ordinary tropical complaints. The elements of veterinary surgery will be taught, and in view of the advance of

Oriental semicivilization, which appeals to the natives more strongly than does European civilization, a course of lectures on Islamism will be delivered.

The administration of the new colonial institute will be in the hands of a council of professors, of which Doctor Thulenius is president, but in order to keep theory in constant touch with practice, the council will be augmented by three merchants, at present engaged in colonial trade. Doctor Stuhlmann, who has lived in German East Africa for many years, is the secretary of the institute.

LECTURE COURSES AT MANNHEIM.

In Mannheim on the Rhine the customary courses of lectures for advanced students, which eventually will crystallize into a university, as similar attempts did in Frankfort, Cologne, and Hamburg, have been greatly augmented for the winter semester of 1908-9. The programme contained 50 professional courses by 28 professors. New branches have been added to the departments of political economy, namely: History of economics, statistics, state and city debts, and insurance. Also, lecture courses on social policy, women's factory labor, oceanic and river navigation, problems of banking and exchange legislation, as well as tariff legislation. In the department of law, lectures on bankruptcy and mortgages, as well as on commercial and industrial contracts, have been added. The city authorities hope to obtain substantial additions to the funds already secured so as to build an institution which will serve the purpose contemplated.

The whole course consists of four semesters. The admission or matriculation fee is $4.76, and an additional fee of $28.56 for each semester. All fees are about 50 per cent higher for foreign students who wish to attend. Cards for attendance at lecture courses may be procured for $1.19 for courses having lectures one hour a week, $2.14 for two hours a week, $2.85 for three hours, $3.57 for four hours, and $4.76 for five hours. Reductions are made to members of unions in Mannheim and vicinity. The students have the privilege of attending lectures at the University of Heidelberg, which can be reached by train in twenty minutes.

A UNIVERSITY CONTEMPLATED FOR POSEN.

The old universities in Germany, 21 in number, are likely to have a new sister institution in the near future. The Prussian province of Posen, formerly a part of Poland, and still inhabited chiefly by Poles, though the Germans have made great progress in the possession of the land and of city property, has not as yet a university in a population of 1,986,637 (census of 1905); but it has the nucleus of a university in its Academy of Scientific Study in the city of Posen. The Prussian government would long ago have raised this institution, which has already 1,000 students and 30 professors, to a fullfledged university of four faculties, if it had not entertained the apprehension that such an institution would become the center of Polish

political agitation. At least, this is the argument advanced openly in the Prussian legislature.

OTHER NEW INSTITUTIONS.

The former 9 polytechnica of the Empire have been increased to 10 by the establishment of a technological university at Danzig at the mouth of the Vistula (Weichsel), the chief object of which is the preparation of shipbuilders and marine engineers. Among the higher institutions of learning, the commercial universities, of which there were 5 in 1909, will increase their number in the near future. Mannheim on the Rhine, a great commercial center, and Solingen, the German center of the cutlery industry, are making great efforts toward founding such schools.

RESOLUTIONS OF GERMAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS.

The German University Teachers' Congress, which met in Jena at the close of 1908, passed resolutions which are remarkably frank, and which are dictated by a spirit of independence quite in accord with the principle of "Lehrfreiheit und Lernfreiheit," which has been a characteristic of German higher education ever since the time of William von Humboldt, who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was the first minister of public instruction in Prussia. The resolutions are as follows:

I. Scientific investigation and the transmission of its results must, according to their purpose, be independent of any consideration not inherent in their own scientific method-hence independent especially of tradition and prejudices of the people, independent of governmental authorities and social groups, as well as independent of monetary or other interests.

II. This demand lies as much in the interests of the state as in those of science, because the increase and spread of knowledge can never injure society, but will always promote its best interests.

III. This absolute independence needs no specific law to guarantee it, any more than other constitutional rights need special legislation for their protection.

IV. No limitation of the right to investigate and teach can be derived, directly or indirectly, from the official position of an investigator and teacher.

V. No exceptions whatever to these statements can be acknowledged concerning academic teachers of theology.

VI. Conditions coupled with ancient endowments, if they conflict with the liberty to investigate and teach, can not limit the right defined in the foregoing statement, because such conditions have become invalid by the law of custom. Furthermore, because all existing German universities have become state institutions, whose maintenance would be utterly impossible if dependent alone upon ancient endowments, their public character may not be limited by private purposes.

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VII. From Paragraph II the danger of denominational universities, established and supervised by church authorities, is recognized, even though the course of study of such institutions be granted the same rights of independence which are inherent in state institutions.

These resolutions were adopted after a thorough and protracted discussion, in which it was repeatedly asserted that theological institutions that would not admit the fundamental prerogative of an academic teacher, i. e., the liberty of his conviction, could not claim. equal rights with institutions which grant that prerogative without

reserve.

PARTICIPATION OF THE GERMAN STATES IN UNIVERSITY ATTENDANCE.

The report of 1908 of the minister of public instruction of Prussia (vol. 204 of Preussische Statistik) gives a list of the 26 States comprising the German Empire, and their relative university attendance, as shown in the following table:

Number of university students in Germany to every 10,000 male inhabitants.

a

These numbers reveal the fact that South Germany supplies a relatively greater number of students than Prussia and Saxony. This is notable because the south has many more small-shop industries and smaller farms than the north. The proportion of Prussia would be smaller still if Berlin, with its 22.66 students per 10,000 male inhabitants, were excluded. Of the 13 Prussian provinces, 9 remain below the Prussian average; the province of West Prussia, with the 'city of Dantzig, has only 7.38; Schleswig-Holstein, 8.30; Posen, 8.38; Pomerania, 9.28; east Prussia, with the city of Konigsberg, 9.86.

a Bavaria, Baden, Wurttemberg, Alsace-Lorraine, and part of Hesse.

The chiefly agricultural districts of the north furnish few university students, while the agricultural districts of the south furnish. many more than the Prussian average, and more than the average of the Empire. Grouping the numbers according to larger zones we arrive at the following results:

Among every 10,000 male inhabitants we find:

It is to be remembered that Berlin, with its large attendance, is situated in the first zone.

Whether analogous results would be noticed if the attendance of technological institutes, agricultural colleges, mining academies, and other higher seats of learning were considered, can not be stated with certainty. The attendance at universities was alone considered, because it is in universities where the civil officers (nearly all professional men, clergymen, judges, state attorneys, physicians, health officers, mayors, and secondary teachers are in the State's service) receive their preparation. Another point is that Catholic States, like Bavaria and Baden, furnish more university students than Protestant States.

In a few years the relative attendance will be greatly changed, since Prussia has opened its universities to women. The results of the first matriculation of female students at the universities of Prussia are as follows: The total number admitted is 663, of whom 461 are from Prussia and 202 from other States. The university of Berlin matriculates 400, Göttingen 71, Bonn 69, Breslau 50, Marburg 27, Halle 22, Konigsberg 17, Greifswald 5, and Kiel 2. Of the total number, 363 study philosophy, philology, and history; 134, medicine; 108, mathematics and natural science; 25, dentistry; 22, political economy; 6, law; 3, evangelical theology, and 2, pharmacy. The German technological institutes had, in the winter of 1908-9, 1,230 matriculated women students.

Of the female university students from non-German States, 43 are from America, 35 from Russia, 14 from Austria-Hungary, 7 from England, 6 from France, 4 from Roumania, 3 from Switzerland, 2 from Italy, 1 each from Denmark, Holland, Norway, Servia, and Australia. In addition to these matriculated female students, there are 958 females enrolled in various lines of hospital work at the Prussian universities.