civic and industrial obligations and that of courtesy in manners. Let it be frankly admitted that such explicit teaching is the smallest part of the work to be done, but let it not be forgotten that it is also an indispensable part.

Those who would maintain that the moral life has other rootings. than that in religion, would, for the most part, admit that it is deeply rooted in religion, and that for many of our people its strongest motives are to be found in their religious convictions; that many, in fact, would regard it as insufficiently grounded and nourished without such religious convictions. The teaching of religious systems is no longer under serious consideration so far as our public schools are concerned. Historical and social influences have drawn a definite line in this country between the public schools and the churches, leaving the rights and responsibilities of religious instruction to the latter. It would be futile, even if it were desirable, to attempt to revise this decision of the American people. There has been, however, within the past two or three years a widespread discussion of the proposal that arrangements be made between the educational authorities and ecclesiastical organizations under which pupils should be excused from the schools for one half-day in the week-Wednesday afternoon has been suggested-in order that they may in that time receive religious and moral instruction in their several churches. This proposal has been set forth in detail by the Rev. George U. Wenner, D. D., in a volume entitled "Religious Education and the Public School" (see the list of references at the end of this chapter), and has been under consideration by a representative committee during the past two or three years.

A good deal of interest attaches to this proposal, which is closely related to the practice followed in the public schools of St. Louis many years ago during the superintendency of Dr. William T. Harris. Whether the plan is workable on a large scale or not, under American conditions, can only be determined by a fair trial in communities in which public sentiment clearly supports the experiment. It is not to be supposed that it will even be put upon its trial in the absence of such public sentiment. In any community which should provide for the withdrawal of pupils from the public schools, by their parents, for such hours of religious instruction, it is fair to expect that emphasis will be laid by the religious teachers upon those moral values which are the immediate concern of the state; and these hours, moreover, should be utilized by the school authorities for such serious and well-considered moral instruction as may properly be given to those pupils who, by their parents' choice, should spend them in the public school under the care of their regular teachers.

ART EDUCATION.

2. However faithfully the fine arts may be taught for their own sake, without moralizing, their moral implications are subtle and profound. For this reason and for every reason a large significance attaches to the efforts which are now making to further the development of art education in this country. We are still too prone to treat the fine arts, including music, as a pretty embroidery upon our educational fabric. It is safe to say that we shall not get a well-balanced education as regards moral influence, civic ideals, or personal and industrial efficiency, until instruction on the side of the arts shall become as seriously and effectively organized in our courses of studies as is instruction on the side of the sciences. Art is, indeed, as Dr. Halsey Ives has put it, "a constructive influence in the development of civilization."

As regards the general diffusion of art education, the significant event of the year was the Third International Art Congress for the Development of Drawing and Art Teaching and their Application to Industries. The congress was held in London, in the month of August, 1908. Its title relates it to the renewed activity in respect to industrial or vocational training. This latter movement reaches down. to the very foundations of democratic society where, also, in every modern nation must be laid the basis of national art.

A permanent and valuable result of child study is exemplified in the importance attached, in this congress, to the child's own interest in the initial stages of art instruction. This principle was emphasized in the discussions, and it is a marked feature of the new system of art instruction adopted by the French Government for its schools during the present year. In this particular the influence of American precedents is recognized. But while, as the art work of our schools plainly shows, we hold a commanding position in respect to the early stages of instruction in this branch, our own representatives at the London congress were struck by the weak points in the more advanced stages of our school work. Their opinions on these points, quoted elsewhere in this report, deserve special attention.

The effort to secure unity of action on the part of the various agencies engaged in this country in the development of the fine arts led to a meeting at Washington in May, 1909, which resulted in the formation of a federation of American art societies. The proceedings of the convention which called this association into existence indicate its broad purpose. The province of fine arts, as an expression of ideal beauty, was here related to the creation of a national sense of beauty through the instrumentalities of common life-the school, the home, rural highways, and the "city beautiful.”

On account of the signal interest in the subject of art instruction at the present time, and the broader aspects which the subject is assuming, the moment seemed opportune for a comprehensive survey of the agencies for the promotion of this interest in our own country. Such a survey has accordingly been presented in a statistical monograph issued as a number of the bulletin of this office, bearing the title" Instruction in the Fine and Manual Arts in the United States," which was prepared by Mr. Henry Turner Bailey, one of the representatives of this department at the London congress. (Bureau of Education, Bulletin, 1909, No. 6, 184 p.) Attention should be called also to the attractive illustrated volume entitled "Art Education in the Public Schools of the United States," which was edited by Mr. James Parton Haney, as part of the American exhibit at the congress. (New York, American Art Annual, 1908, 432 p.)

EDUCATION FOR HEALTH.

3. The hygienic side of education has been brought under strong emphasis in the course of the year. Such emphasis was first laid and most conspicuously by the International Congress on Tuberculosis, held in the city of Washington September 21-October 12, 1908. This congress was attended by many of the foremost authorities of all lands in matters relating to tuberculosis. By its discussions, its exhibits, and its awards, it directed the attention of our people as never before to the need of general knowledge touching the prevention of tubercular diseases; and inasmuch as these preventive measures are in large part those which make for the general health of the body, the influence of the congress has counted for the advancement of educational hygiene in all of its aspects.

The measures adopted in this country to check the spread of tuberculosis have been reviewed by Mr. Phil P. Jacobs, of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, who states that appropriations of over $4,000,000 for the suppression of consumption have been made by 28 States in the year 1909. With appropriations from cities and counties and nearly $1,000,000 from the National Government, it is estimated that about $8,000,000, all told, have been publicly appropriated during the past year for the fight against tuberculosis. Of the 43 States and Territories whose legislatures held sessions after January 1, 1909, 28 passed laws pertaining to this disease. (The Survey, vol. 22, p. 821-822, September 18, 1909.)

It is indeed fortunate that this special propaganda should have given to the movement for health-teaching in the schools such an impetus as many years of more general advocacy had failed to bring

about. Particular attention should be called to the findings of the jury of awards of the Tuberculosis Congress with reference to educational leaflets submitted in competition. The following is a list of the more important of these awards:

CLASS A.-LEAFLETS FOR ADULTS GENERALLY.

$100 prize (highest award).-Plain facts about tuberculosis. Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis.

Silver medal.-Schutz vor Schwindsucht. Verein zur Bekämpfung der Schwindsucht in Chemnitz und Umgebung.

Special award, gold medal.-Consumption is the most common form of tuberculosis and is a germ disease. O. D. Wescott, M. D., Denver, Colo.

CLASS B.-LEAFLETS FOR TEACHERS.

Gold medal.-Tuberculosis, a leaflet for teachers. H. S. Goodall, M. D., New York.

Silver medal.-The warfare against tuberculosis and the relation of teachers thereto. George H. Kress, M. D., Los Angeles, Cal.

CLASS C.-LEAFLETS FOR MOTHERS.

$100 prize (highest award).-Schutz vor Schwindsucht. Merkblatt für Mütter. Verein zur Bekämpfung der Schwindsucht in Chemnitz und Umgebung. Gold medal.-Facts a mother should know concerning tuberculosis. George H. Kress, M. D., Los Angeles, Cal.

Silver medal.-Educational leaflet for mothers. Miss Mabel Jaques, Philadelphia.

In medical schools lectures on hygiene have been given for many years. Harvard University has recently established a department of preventive medicine and hygiene, the object of which is to prepare men to serve on boards of health, state or municipal, and to investigate the causes of epidemics and methods of preventing the spread of epidemics.

The training for health in the public schools appears in the form of various activities which overlap and reenforce one another. Medical inspection of the schools has received unusual attention within the past year. Louisiana has provided for the testing of the sight and hearing of all pupils during the first month of the school year (act of July 9, 1908), and a similar act in Colorado provides for the more general inspection of all school children, with a view to detecting and correcting physical defects. Indiana has passed an act providing for medical inspection of schools, Ohio an act authorizing city school boards to employ medical inspectors and nurses in the public schools, and New Jersey an act requiring boards of education to employ competent physicians as medical inspectors. Traveling physicians have within the year been employed for the first time in the Alaska school service, whose business it is to treat the sick among the Eskimo and Indians and teach them the practice of hygienic living.

Open-air schools for tubercular children have been established in Boston, Brookline, Providence, New York, Pittsburg, Chicago, and other cities. The playground movement and the promotion of wholesome play among school children, together with related efforts represented by athletic and other associations, have made marked progress. The comprehensive programme for the supervision and promotion of those school activities which have most to do with the health of pupils, particularly as it is carried out in the cities of New York, Boston, and St. Louis, has excited warm interest and admiration.

An important contribution has been made to the literature of medical inspection in a volume prepared by Doctors Gulick and Ayres under the auspices of the Russell Sage Foundation, entitled "Medical Inspection of Schools." (New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1908, x+276 p.) This work presents a general survey of the subject, brought down to the year 1908. Another publication relating to health in the schools may be mentioned here, namely, "The Daily Meals of School Children," by Miss Caroline L. Hunt (Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Education, 1909, No. 3, 62 p.), which has proved useful in suggesting to parents and teachers wholesome measures relative to the feeding of children of school age. The year has been a good one in what it has done for wholesome living as regards the physical life. The bearings of such wholesome living upon the moral character of our people are incalculable but none the less obvious.

The Third International Congress on School Hygiene will be held at Paris, France, August 2-7, 1910. These congresses have proved a valuable aid in the extension of interest and information relative to school hygiene, and American school men will follow with unusual interest the proceedings of the Paris meeting.

TRAINING FOR VOCATION.

4. Industrial education has continued to command attention in all parts of the country. While progress in this field is still represented mainly by inquiries and discussions, it is a fact of no small importance that those discussions are manifestly tending to greater clearness in our conception of the problem. What will probably rank as the best statement, up to this time, of the nature and conditions of that problem, was the presidential address of Dr. L. D. Harvey, of the National Education Association, presented at the Denver meeting, in July of this year. Doctor Harvey showed that skill in industrial processes must be related to a broad knowledge not only of industrial needs and conditions, but also of the larger demands of human life. His survey of the various types of industrial school was comprehensive and suggestive.