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Justification' published, 1649; The Saint's Everlasting Rest,' 1650. Returned to Kidderminster. To London, 1660. Preached before House of Commons at St. Margaret's, 30 April 1660; before Lord Mayor and Aldermen at St. Paul's, 10 May 1660. Appointed Chaplain to Charles II. Finally left Church of England, 16 May 1662, and retired to Acton. Married Margaret Charlton, 10 Sept. 1662. Visit to Richard Hampden in Buckinghamshire, 1665. A Call to the Unconverted' published, 1665, died, 1681. Wrote Breviate' of her Life, 1681. Arrested, 28 Feb. 1685, for libel on the Church in his 'Paraphrase of the New Testament.' Trial, 30 May. Sentenced to fine of 500 marks and imprisonment till paid. Discharged from prison, 24 Nov. 1686, fine being remitted. Active in coalition of dissenters with conforming clergy, 1688. Died, 8 Dec. 1691. Buried in Christ Church, London.

Wife

Works: Between 1649 and 1691 Baxter published 148 works. Nine were published posthumously between 1692 and 1701. A complete list is given in Orme's 'Life of Baxter,' 1830, and A. B. Grosart's 'Annotated List' of Baxter's Writings, 1868. Baxter's 'Practical Works' were published in 4 vols. in 1707; again, in 23 vols., with life, by W. Orme, 1830. 'Reliquiæ Baxterianæ' (autobiography), edited by M. Sylvester, 1696. BEACONSFIELD, Earl of. See Disraeli (Benjamin).

BEATTIE (James), 1735 - 1803. Born, at Laurencekirk, Kincardine, 25 Oct. 1735. To Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, 1749; M.A., 1753. School master and parish clerk at Fordoun, 1753-58. Contrib. to Scots' Maga zine.' Master at Aberdeen Grammar School, 1758-60. Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic, Marischal Coll., 1760-97. Published first vol. of poems, 1761. First visit to London, 1763. Friendship with Gray begun, 1765.

Married Mary Dunn, 28 June 1767. Hon. D.C.L., Oxford, 9 July 1773. Crown pension of £200, Aug.

1773. Refused Professorship of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh, 1773. Active literary work. Failing health from 1793. Died, 18 Aug. 1803. Buried in St. Nicholas Churchyard, Aberdeen.

Works: Original Poems and Translations,' 1760; 'Judgment of Paris, 1765; Verses on the Death of Churchill,' 1765; 'Poems on Several Subjects,' 1766; Essay on Truth,' 1770; The Minstrel,' pt. i. (anon.), 1771; pt. ii., 1774; 'Poems on Several Occasions,' 1776; Essays,' 1776 (2nd edn. same year); 'Letter to the Rev. H. Blair on the Improvement of Psalmody in Scotland' (anon., privately printed), 1778; List of Two Hundred Scotticisms' (anon.), 1779; 'Dissertadences of the Christian Religion,' 1786; tions, Moral and Critical,' 1783; 'Eviments of Moral Science,' vol. i., 1790; "The Theory of Language,' 1788; 'Elevol. ii., 1793; 'Notes on Addison' (apparently not published), 1790.

"Collected Poems: 1805, 1810, 1822, 1831, etc.

He edited: 'Essays and Fragments,' by his son, J. H. Beattie (privately printed), 1794.

Forbes, 1806.
Life: by Bower, 1804; by Sir W.

BEAUMONT (Francis), 1584-1616. Born, at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, 1584. Matriculated at Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College, Oxford), 1597. Left Univ. without degree, April 1598, on death of father. Admitted to Inner Temple, 3 Nov. Early intimacy with John Fletcher. 1600. First verses published, 1602. Wrote dramas with him, 1605-14. Lived in London, with occasional visits to Grace-Dieu. Married Ursula Isley, 1613 [?]. Died, 6 March 1616. Had two daughters. Buried in Westminster Abbey.

Works: [For plays written with John Fletcher, see below.] Verses prefixed to Sir John Beaumont's 'Metamorphosis of Tobacco,' 1602; 'Salmacis and Hermaphroditus' (anon. ; authorship not certain), 1602; 'The

1621.

Posthumous: The Elder Brother' (published in Fletcher's name), 1637; The Bloody Brother' (published under initials: B. J. F.), 1639; Wit Without Money' (probably by Fletcher alone), 1639 Comedies and Tragedies (containing the following plays, some of which were subsequently published separately: 'The Mad Lover,'The Spanish Curate,' The Little French Lawyer,' 'The Custome of the Countrey,' 'The Noble Gentleman,'The Captaine,' 'The Beggar's Bush,' 'The Coxcombe,' 'The False One,' 'The Chances,' 'The Loyall Subject,' 'The Lawes of Candy,'

6

The Lover's Progresse,' 'The Island Princesse,' 'The Humorous Lieutenant,' The Nice Valour,' 'The Maid in the Mill,' 'The Prophetesse,' 'Bonduca,' 'The Sea Voyage.' 'The Double Marriage,' 'The Pilgrime,' 'The Knight of Malta,' 'The Woman's Prize,' 'Love's Cure,' 'The Honest Man's Fortune,' 'The Queene of Corinth,' 'Women Pleas'd,''A Wife for a Moneth,' 'Wit at severall Weapons,' 'Valentinian,' 'The Fair Maide of the Inne,' 'Love's Pilgrimage,' "The Masque of the Gentlemen of Grayes Inne, etc.,' 'Four Plays or Moral Representations in One'), 1647; 'The Wild-Goose Chase' (probably by Fletcher alone), 1652.

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Collected Works: ed., with memoir, by Dyce (11 vols.), 1843-46.

BECKFORD (William), 1760-1844. Born, at Fonthill, Wilts, 1 Oct. 1760. Privately educated. At Geneva with tutor, 1777-79. Visit to Netherlands, Margaret Gordon, 5 May 1783; lived 1780; to Italy, 1782. Married Lady partly in Switzerland until her death, 26 May 1786. M.P. for Wells, 1784In Paris, 1791-92; at Lausanne, 90. Visit to Portugal and Spain, 1787. 1792-93. Visit to Portugal, 1794. M.P. for Hindon, 1806-20. Lived in seclusion at Fonthill Giffard, 17961822; obliged to sell estate, 1822. Removed to Bath. Died there, 2 May 1844; buried there.

and Incidents' (anon.), 1783; 'VaWorks: 'Dreams, Waking Thoughts thek,' in English (anon., surreptitiously published in London by S. Henley, who translated from Beckford's MS.), 1786; in French (anon.), Paris, 1787 (another edn. same year, published at Lausanne with author's name); Modern Novel Writing; or, of Lady Harriet Marlow), 1796; AmeThe Elegant Enthusiast' (under pseud. zia' (under pseud. of 'Jacquetta Agneta Mariana Jenks '), 1797; Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (anon.), 1824; Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal,' 1834; 'Recollections of... the Monasteries of Alcobaça and Batalha' (anon.), 1835. He translated: Al Raoui,' 1783. Life; by Cyrus Redding (anon.), 1859.

BEDDOES (Thomas Lovell), 18031849. Born, at Clifton, 20 July 1803. Educated at Bath Grammar School; and at Charterhouse, June 1817-20. Contrib. sonnet to 'Morning Post,' 1819. Wrote 'The Bride's Tragedy,' 1819. To Pembroke Coll., Oxford, 1 May 1820; B.A., 25 May 1825; M. A., 16 April 1828. Assisted in publication of Shelley's Posthumous Poems, 1824. To Italy in summer of 1824. At Göttingen Univ., studying medicine, July 1825-29. Το Würzburg, 1829; degree of M.D. there, 1832. At Zurich, June 1835

to March 1840. To Berlin, 1841. | In England, 1842; at various towns in Germany and Switzerland, 1844-46; in England, 1846-47; settled in Frankfort, June 1847. Died, in Basle Hospital, 26 Jan. 1849. Buried in Hospital cemetery.

Works: The Improvisatore,' 1821; 'The Bride's Tragedy,' 1822.

Posthumous: Death's Jest-Book, or the Fool's Tragedy,' 1850; 'Poems, Posthumous and Collected,' ed. by T. F. Kelsall (2 vols.), 1851; 'Poetical Works,' ed. by E. Gosse (2 vols.), 1890; 'Letters,' ed. by E. Gosse, 1894.

BEHN (Mrs. Aphra), 1640-1689. Born [Aphra Johnson], at Wye, Kent, 10 July 1640. Taken to West Indies early in Life. Returned to England, 1658. Married to - Behn, 1660 [?]. In favour with Charles II.; sent by him on secret service to Antwerp, 1665. On return to England took to playwriting. First play produced at Duke's Theatre, 1671. Various plays produced, 1671-78, 1681-87. Died, in London, 16 April, 1689. Buried in Westminster Abbey.

Works: The Forc'd Marriage,' 1671; The Amorous Prince,' 1671; "The Dutch Lover,' 1673; Abdelazar,' 1677; 'The Rover,' pt. i. (anon.), 1677; pt. ii., 1681; "The Debauchee' (anon.), 1677; 'The Town Fop,' 1677; 'Sir Patient Fancy,' 1678; "The Feign'd Curtizans,' 1679; The Roundheads,' 1682; 'The City Heiress,' 1682 The False Count,' 1682; The Young King,' 1683; 'Poems upon several occasions,' 1684; 'The Adventures of the Black Lady,' 1684; two Pindarick Poems' and a poem to the Queen Dowager, 1685; La Montre,' 1686; Emperor of the Moon,' 1687; The Lucky Chance,' 1687; Lycidus,' 1688; 'A Poem to Sir Roger L'Estrange,' 1688; Three 'Congratulatory Poems' to the Queen, 1688; The Lucky Mistake,' 1689; 'Congratulatory Poem' to the Queen,

1689.

Brother,' ed. by Gildon, 1696; 'The Lady's Looking Glass,' 1697.

She translated: (with others) Ovid's 'Heroical Epistles,' 1683; Fontenelle's Discovery of New Worlds,' 1688; Van Dale's' History of Oracles,' 1699; and edited 'Miscellany,' 1685.

Collected Works: Poetical Remains,' ed. by Gildon, 1698; 'Histories and Novels,' 1698; 'Plays,' 1702; 'Plays, Histories and Novels . with Life' (6 vols.), 1871.

...

Works: Between 70 and 80 works by Bentham were published between 1775 and 1832. His 'Collected Works' (11 vols.) were edited by Sir John Bowring, 1838-43. Some of the more important are: 'A Fragment on Government' (anon.), 1776; Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,' 1780; 'Panopticon,' 1791; Plan of Parliamentary Reform,' 1817; 'Codification and Public Instruction,' 1817. Several of Bentham's works were translated into French by Dumont, in some cases from Bentham's unpublished MSS.

Life by Bowring, in 1838 edn. of

BENTLEY (Richard), 1662-1742. | Born, at Oulton, near Wakefield, 27 Jan. 1662. Educated at a day school near Oulton; at Wakefield Grammar School, 1673-76. To St. John's Coll., Cambridge, as subsizar, 24 May 1676; matriculated, 6 July 1676; Dowman Scholar, 4 Nov. 1678; Constable Scholarship, 1679; B.A., 1680; M.A.,

23

panded edition, pub. separately, with answer to C. Boyle, 1699; 'Emendationes in Menandri et Philemonis Reliquias' (under pseud. of 'Phileleutherus Lipsiensis '), 1710; 'The Present State of Trinity College,' 1710; Remarks upon a late disCourse of Free-thinking' (anon.), 1713; 'A Sermon upon Popery,' 1715;

Went to reside in Oxford, 1689. Ordained Chaplain to Dr. Stillingfleet, 16 March 1690. First Boyle Lecturer, 1692. Prebend of Worcester, 1692. Keeper of Royal Libraries, 1694. F.R.S., 1694. Chaplain in Ordinary to King, 1695. D.D., Oxford, July 1696. To official residence as Royal Librarian, in St. James's Palace, 1696. Active part in restoring Cambridge University Press. Appointed Master of Trinity Coll., Cambridge, 1 Feb. 1700. Married Joanna Bernard, 1701. Had four children. Tried before Bishop of Ely for unconstitutional practices as Master of Trinity, 1714. Bishop of Ely died before giving judgment, so trial lapsed. Deprived of degrees by University, having failed to appear in Vice

Chancellor's Court to answer suit of Conyers Middleton respecting fees, 1718. Degrees restored, 26 Mar. 1724, Again tried before Bishop of Ely for proceedings as Master of Trinity, 1733. Deprived of Mastership, 27 April 1734. Execution of sentence prevented by action of Bentley's friends. Paralytic stroke, 1739. Wife died, 1740. He died, 14 July 1742. Buried in Trinity Coll. Chapel.

Works: Letter to Mill' (as appendix to the 'Chronicle of Malala'), 1691; "The Folly and Unreasonableness of Atheism' (Boyle Lectures), 1693; 'Of Revelation and the Messias,' 1696; A Proposal for building a Royal Library,' 1697; 'Dissertation upon the Letters of Phalaris' (in second edn. of Dr. Wotton's Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning '), 1697; ex

Majesty,' 1717; 'Proposals for printing a new edition of the Greek Testament (anon.), 1721; 'Emendations on the twelve books of Paradise Lost,' 1732.

Posthumous: 'Opuscula Philologica,' 1781; 'R. Bentleii et doctorum virorum Epistolæ,' 1807; 'Correspondence,' ed. by C. Wordsworth (2 vols.), 1842; Critica Sacra,' ed. by A. A. Ellis, 1862.

He edited Malala, 1691; Callimachus, 1692; Cicero ("Tusculan Disputations'), 1709; Aristophanes, 1710; Horace, 1711; Terence, 1726; Milton ('Paradise Lost'), 1732.

He

also at various times annotated: Antigonus, Lucan, Lucretius, Nicander, Ovid, Phædrus, Philostratus, Plautus and Suetonius.

Collected Works: ed. by Dyce (3 vols.), 1836-38.

Life: by J. H. Monk (2nd edn.), 1833; by Prof. Jebb (English Men of Letters' series), 1882.

To

BERKELEY (George), Bishop of Cloyne. 1685-1753. Born, in County Kilkenny, 12 March 1685. To Kilkenny School, 17 July 1696. Trinity Coll., Dublin, 21 Mar. 1700; Scholar, 1702; B.A., 1704; M.A., 1707; Fellowship, 9 June 1707; Tutor of College, 1707-24; Sublecturer, 1710; Junior Dean, 1710 and 1711; Junior Greek Lecturer, 1712; Divinity Lecturer and Senior Greek Lecturer, 1721; B.D. and D.D., 14 Nov. 1721; Hebrew Lecturer and Senior Proctor, 1722. Visit to Eng. land, 1713. Contrib. to The Guardian,' Mar. and Aug. 1713. Chaplain to Lord Peterborough on embassy to King of Sicily, Nov. 1713 to summer of 1714. In London, 1715-16. Abroad

1716-20 (as travelling tutor, Nov. 1716-18). To London, 1720. To Ireland, as chaplain to Lord - Lieutenant, 1721. Legacy left him by Hester Vanhomrigh, 1723. Dean of Derry, May, 1724. In London with project for Missionary College in America, 1724-28. Charter for College obtained, June 1725. Married Anne Forster, 1 Aug. 1728. To America, 4 Sept. 1728. Remained there till 1731. Scheme failed, owing to impossibility of obtaining promised grant from English Govt. In London, 1732-34. Consecrated Bishop of Cloyne, 19 May 1734. At Cloyne, 1734-52. Retired and went to England, Aug. 1752. Lived in Oxford, 1752-53; died there, 14 Jan. 1753; buried at Ch. Ch.

Works: Arithmetica absque Algebra aut Euclide demonstrata,' 1707; Mathematica' (anon.), 1707; Essay towards a new theory of Vision,' 1709 (2nd edn. same year); Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge,' 1710; Passive Obedience,' 1712 (2nd edn. same year); 'Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous,' 1713; 'De Motu,' 1721 ; 'Essay towards preventing the Ruin of Great Britain' (anon.), 1721; Proposal for the better Supplying of Churches in our Foreign Plantations' (anon.), 1725; 'Sermon before Soc. for Propagation of Gospel,' 1732; 'Alciphron' (anon.), 1732 (2nd edn. same year); 'Theory of Vision vindicated and explained' (anon.), 1733; The Analyst' (anon.), 1734; 'A Defence of Free-thinking in Mathematics' (anon.), 1735; 'Reasons for not replying to Mr. Walton's Full Answer, etc.' (anon.), 1735; The Querist,' 1735-37; A Discourse addressed to Magistrates' (anon.), 1736; 'A Chain of Philosophical | Reflections... concerning the virtues of Tar-Water, etc.,' 1744 (2nd and 3rd edns. same year; 4th, 1746; 5th, 1748; all of these under the title of 'Siris'); 'Letter to Thomas Prior' [on the virtues of tar- water] (anon.), 1744; 'Letter to the Roman Catholics of the Diocese of

Cloyne,' 1745; Second Letter to Thomas Pryor, 1746 (the first and second letters together, as appx. to Prior's 'Authentick Narrative,' 1746); Two Letters, the one to T. Prior . . the other to Dr. Hales' [on the virtues of tar-water], 1747; A Word to the Wise' (anon.), 1749; 'Maxims concerning Patriotism,' 1750; 'Further Thoughts on Tar-Water,' in 'Bentley's Miscellany,' 1752; 'A Miscellany containing several tracts on various subjects,' 1752.

Posthumous: Letter (written 1741) to Sir J. James on the Roman Catholic Controversy, 1850.

Collected Works: in 2 vols., ed. by J. Stock, 1784; in 2 vols., ed. by G. N. Wright, 1843; complete edn., with life by Prof. Fraser, 1871.

*BESANT (Sir Walter), b. 1836. Born, at Portsmouth, 14 Aug. 1836. At King's Coll., London, 1854-55. To Christ's Coll., Cambridge, 1855; Senior B.A., 1859; M.A., 1863. Professor in Royal Coll. of Mauritius, 1860-68. Sec. to Palestine Exploration Fund, 1868-86 (Hon. Sec., 1886). Collaborated with James Rice, 1871-82. Trustee to People's Palace,

1887-91.

Chairman of Committee

Incorporated Society of Authors, 1887-92.

Editor of 'The Author' Hon. Trea(first published 1890). surer Home Arts Association, 18881896. Knighted, 1895. Resides in Hampstead.

·

Works: 'Studies in Early French Poetry,' 1868; Ready-Money Mortiboy' (with J. Rice; anon.), 1871; Jerusalem' (with E. H. Paliner), 1871; When George the Third was King,' 1872; The French Humourists,' 1873; 'My Little Girl' (with Rice; anon.), 1873; With Harp and Crown' (with Rice; anon.), 1875; 'The Golden Butterfly' (with Rice anon.), 1876; 'This Son of Vulcan (with Rice; anon.), 1876; 'Our Villas' (with Rice), 1877; The Case of Mr. Lucraft' (with Rice; anon.), 1877; 'Book of French,' 1877; The Monks of Thelema' (with Rice), 1878; 'By Celia's Arbour' (with Rice), 1878;