Lead Markets for Environmental InnovationsSome countries are earlier than others in the development and introduction of environmental innovations. Often, the leadership in technological development is accompanied by a leadership in environmental policy. The book provides an analysis of lead markets for innovations such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, and others. Contributions of innovation economics, policy analysis and environmental economics are assessed regarding their potential to explain the leadership of single countries. The book depicts the policy frameworks that are favourable to the creation of such lead markets on the basis of theoretical considerations and case studies. Finally, recommendations for R and D policies, environmental and industrial policies are derived. |
Contents
Introduction 11 The Notion of Lead Markets | 1 |
12 Studying Lead Markets | 6 |
Theoretical Approaches 21 Lessons from Innovation Economics | 11 |
22 Lessons from Policy Analysis | 14 |
23 Pioneering Policy from the Perspective of Environmental Economics | 22 |
24 Companies and Strategic Management | 26 |
Towards an Integrated Model of the Lead Market for Environmental Innovations | 29 |
Case Studies of Lead Markets from Literature Studies 41 FuelEfficient Passenger Cars | 33 |
8511 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 8512 Direct Injection Systems | 136 |
8513 Homogeneous Combustion 852 Exhaust Treatment 8521 Particulate Filters | 137 |
8522 Catalytic Converters for the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides 86 Carmakers Technological Development Strategy | 138 |
861 Peugeot Introduces the Particulate Filter | 139 |
862 LongTerm Testing by ADAC and the Federal Environmental Agency | 141 |
863 Automobile Manufacturers Current Technological Strategies | 142 |
87 Strategies by Components Suppliers | 145 |
871 The Companies | 146 |
42 Wind Energy | 36 |
43 Substitutes for CFCs in Domestic Refrigerators | 40 |
44 ChlorineReduced Pulp Production | 43 |
45 Introduction of the Catalytic Converter for Cars | 47 |
46 Substitutes for Phosphates in Detergents | 50 |
47 Interim Conclusions | 55 |
The International Adoption of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 51 Introduction | 59 |
52 The Diffusion of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 521 PV History | 60 |
522 The Diffusion Pattern | 62 |
523 Competing PV Designs and Policy Instruments | 65 |
524 Domestic Markets and the Success of Manufacturers | 68 |
53 Factors of International Diffusion 531 Explaining the Adoption of Solar Energy | 70 |
532 Price and Cost | 72 |
533 Demand Trends 534 Transfer and Policy Diffusion | 74 |
535 Competition | 76 |
536 Export | 77 |
54 Conclusions | 79 |
Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications 61 Innovation Designs | 81 |
611 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell PAFC | 84 |
612 ProtonElectrolyteMembrane Fuel Cells PEFC PEM | 85 |
613 Molton Carbonate Fuel Cells MCFC | 86 |
614 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells SOFC | 87 |
615 Comparison of the Fuel Cell Types | 89 |
616 Cost Comparison with Conventional Energy Technologies | 90 |
617 Comparison of Environmental Impacts | 91 |
618 Market for CHP Installations | 92 |
62 Political Instruments | 93 |
63 Comparison of Fuel Cell Policies 631 USA | 94 |
632 Japan | 96 |
633 Germany | 98 |
634 European Union 635 Canada | 100 |
636 Other Countries and International Activities 637 Comparison of the Research Activities | 101 |
638 Comparison of Energy Prices | 103 |
64 Summarised Assessment | 105 |
Fuel Cells for Mobile Applications 71 Introduction | 109 |
72 Lead Markets in the Automobile Industry | 110 |
73 Fuel Cells and Alternative Innovation Designs 731 Fuel Cells | 113 |
732 Battery Electric Vehicles 733 Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEVs | 114 |
734 Conventional Fuel Efficient Vehicles | 115 |
74 Regulations 741 USA 742 Japan | 116 |
743 Europe | 117 |
75 The International Diffusion of Engine Designs | 118 |
76 Conclusions | 120 |
Technologies to Reduce Harmful Emissions in Diesel Vehicles 81 Introduction | 123 |
82 Emissions Regulation in the Automobile Industry | 125 |
821 Auto Oil I | 126 |
822 Strategies Pursued by the Automobile Industry as Part of Auto Oil I | 127 |
823 Outcome of Auto Oil I | 128 |
824 Outlook on Future Emissions Standards for Diesel Vehicles in the EU | 129 |
Technology Forcing? | 130 |
83 The Spread of Diesel Vehicles and Their Markets | 132 |
84 Market Development for Diesel Passenger Cars | 133 |
85 Technologies Designed to Reduce Hazardous Emissions 851 Engine Modification | 135 |
872 Research Development 873 Assessment from a Supplier Perspective | 147 |
88 Outlook and Discussion | 148 |
Lead Markets for VOCReduced Paints | 153 |
91 Markets for Paint and Lacquer 911 The Economic Salience of Paint and Solvent | 154 |
912 Consumption | 158 |
913 Costs of Low Solvent Paints | 160 |
92 VOC Regulations 921 Comparison of Most Important Regulative Measures | 161 |
922 Summarised Evaluation of Policy Measures | 167 |
93 Effects of Regulations | 168 |
94 SolventBased Paints and the Reformulation of the European Chemical Policy | 171 |
Potentials for Substituting Paper by Electronic Media 101 Introduction | 179 |
102 Potentials for Substituting Graphical Papers Through Electronic Media | 180 |
103 Technologies and Applications and Their Diffusion | 182 |
1031 CrossSection Technologies and Applications 10311 Information and Communication Technologies 10312 The Internet | 183 |
1032 BusinessRelated Technologies and Applications 10321 Electronic Document and Form Management 10322 Document Management Systems | 187 |
10323 Electronic Signatures | 189 |
10324 Electronic Services | 190 |
1033 ConsumerOriented Technologies and Applications 10331 EBooks | 191 |
10332 Electronic Paper | 192 |
10333 Printing on Demand | 193 |
104 Policy Framework 1041 Public Policies 10411 IT Strategies and Action Plans | 194 |
10412 The US Government Paperwork Elimination Act | 197 |
10413 EGovernment Initiatives | 198 |
1042 Industry and Stakeholder Activities | 199 |
105 Diffusion Factors | 200 |
106 Summary and Conclusions | 202 |
Technologies for Paper Recycling 111 The Development of the Utilisation of Recovered Waste Paper in Germany and in the International Context | 205 |
112 Environmental Impacts | 209 |
113 Technologies 1131 Collection of Waste Paper | 210 |
1132 Treatment of Waste Paper | 211 |
114 Policy Measures and Regulatory Approaches | 213 |
Regulations Promoting Socially Responsible Investment 121 Introduction | 217 |
122 Design of SRI Products | 218 |
123 Regulations Promoting SRI 1231 Existing Types | 219 |
1232 Internationa Diffusion of SRI Regulations | 220 |
1233 Effectiveness of SRI Regulations 1234 Window of Opportunities to Introduce Regulations | 222 |
124 Market Development 1241 International Development of SRI Investment Funds | 223 |
1242 Structure of the SRI Market in the UK | 226 |
1243 Further Development | 227 |
Comparison of InDepth Case Studies 131 Introduction 132 Frequency Distribution | 229 |
133 Analysis of Factor Subgroups | 232 |
134 Early Hypotheses in the Light of the Findings from In Depth Studies | 236 |
135 Conclusions | 238 |
Policy Patterns to Develop International Markets of Innovations for Sustainability | 239 |
Policies for Lead Markets 151 Policies to Stimulate the Emergence of Environmental Innovations | 245 |
152 RD Policies | 249 |
153 Environmental Policies for the International Diffusion of Environmental Innovations | 250 |
154 Economic Policies | 251 |
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Common terms and phrases
adoption advantages applications automobile industry carmakers cars catalytic converter chemicals combustion companies competition consumption costs countries Decopaint demand diesel domestic e-books economic effects electricity engine environ environmental innovations environmental policy Euro Europe European European Commission European Union export factors favour feed-in tariffs firms fuel cells fuel efficiency Germany global graphical papers Greenpeace hybrid cars important incentives increase innovation design installations international diffusion International Energy Agency internationalisation introduced investment Japan lead market manufacturers market share MCFC nitrogen oxides OECD organisations PAFC paint particulate filter Peugeot phosphates photovoltaic pioneering policy diffusion policy innovations policy instruments policy measures pollutants potential production programme promote pulp PV cells PV energy conversion PV systems reduce regulatory relevant role sector SOFC solvent SRI funds strategies studies subsidies substitutes successful suppliers target tion users utilisation vehicles waste paper wind energy