knew there were no such things; and, in like manner, that the Schoolmen had framed a number of subtile and intricate axioms and theorems to save the practice of the Church. The causes of superstition are: pleasing and sensual1 rites and ceremonies; excess of outward and pharisaical holiness; over-great reverence of traditions, which cannot but load the Church; the stratagems of prelates for their own ambition and lucre; the favouring too much of good intentions, which openeth the gate to conceits2 and novelties; the taking an aim at divine matters by human, which cannot but breed mixture of imaginations ;3 and, lastly, barbarous times, especially joined with calamities and disasters. Superstition without a veil is a deformed thing; for, as it addeth deformity to an ape to be so like a man, so the similitude of superstition to religion makes it the more deformed. And as wholesome meat corrupteth to little worms, so good forms and orders corrupt into a number of petty observances. There is a superstition in avoiding superstition, when men think to do best if they go furthest from the superstition formerly received; therefore care would be had,1 that (as it fareth in ill purgings) the good be not taken away with the bad; which commonly is done when the people is the reformer.

Richardson, in Explanatory Notes on Milton, says, To save appearances is to defend the appearances from the attacks and objections which would naturally arise, or to prevent their being made. Centric, or concentric, are spheres whose centre is the same with, and eccentric those whose centres are different from, that of the earth. Cycle is a circle, epicycle is a circle whose centre is upon the circumference of another circle. Contrivances, expedients of the Ptolemaics, to save the apparent difficulties in their system.'

1 Sensual] Addressed to the senses.

2 Conceits] In the Lat. version, eλ00pnokelais, acts of will-worship; from Col. ii. 23.

3 Mixture of imaginations] Lat. Phantasiarum male cohærentium mixturam.

Would be had] Ought to be taken. See p. 17, note 2.

XVIII. OF TRAVEL.

Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education; in the elder, a part of experience. He that travelleth into a country, before he hath some entrance1 into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel. That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well; 2 so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go, what acquaintances3 they are to seek, what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little. It is a strange thing that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land travel, wherein so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if chance were fitter to be registered than observation. Let diaries, therefore, be brought in use. The things to be seen and observed are the courts of Princes, specially when they give audience to ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes, and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries, with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications of cities and towns, and so the havens and harbours; antiquities and ruins; libraries, colleges; disputations and lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of state and pleasure, near great cities; armouries, arsenals,

1 Hath some entrance] Lat. Aliquos fecerit progressus.

2 I allow well] I quite approve. So Shakspeare, 2 Henry IV. iv.

2, 'I like them all, and do allow them well;' Oth. i. 3, 'A substitute of most allowed sufficiency.'

3

Acquaintances] Friendships. Lat. Amicitiæ et familiaritates.

4 Observation] Lat. Quæ de industriâ observantur: things that are designedly observed.

5 of state] Stately.

1

magazines, exchanges, burses, warehouses; exercises of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies, such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes; cabinets and rarities : and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in the places where they go: after all which the tutors or servants ought to make diligent inquiry. As for triumphs,2 masques, feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men need not to be put in mind of them: yet are they not to be neglected. If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and in short time to gather much, this you must do: first, as was said, he must have some entrance into the language before he goeth: then he must have such a servant, or tutor, as knoweth the country, as was likewise said. Let him carry with him also some card, or book, describing the country where he travelleth; which will be a good key to his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long in one city or town; more or less as the place deserveth, but not long: nay, when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from one end and part of the town to another, which is a great adamant3 of acquaintance. Let him sequester himself from the company of his countrymen, and diet in such places where there is good company of the nation where he travelleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to another, procure recommendation to some person of quality

1 Burses] Public edifices where merchants meet for consultation. 2 Triumphs] Pageants or shows by torch-light.

3 Adamant] Loadstone; means of attraction. The word adamant often denotes the magnet or loadstone in old authors. Thus, in Cook's Green's Tu Quoque, As true to thee as steel to adamant;' Shakspeare, Troil. & Cress. iii. 2, 'As true as iron to adamant;' Mids. N. Dream, ii. 2

'You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant ;

But yet you draw not iron, for my heart
Is true as steel.'

residing in the place whither he removeth; that he may use his favour in those things he desireth to see or know. Thus he may abridge his travel with much profit. As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel, that which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries and employed men1 of ambassadors; for so in travelling in one country he shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see and visit eminent persons in all kinds which are of great name abroad, that he may be able to tell how the life2 agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they are with care and discretion to be avoided: they are commonly for mistresses, healths,3 place, and words.4 And let a man beware how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveller returneth home, let him not leave the countries where he hath travelled altogether behind him; but maintain a correspondence by letters with those of his acquaintance which are of most worth. And let his travel appear rather in his discourse than in his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse let him be rather advised 5 in his answers than forward to tell stories; and let it appear, that he doth not change his country manners for those of foreign parts, but only prick in some flowers of

6

1 Employed men] Such as we now call attachés.

2 The life] The person himself. The Latin translation has Os, vultus, et corporis lineamenta et motus.

3 Healths] Toasts. Lat. compotationes.

Place, and words] Lat. Præsidentiam, et verba contumeliosa; right of presiding, and abusive words. Timon, in Shakspeare's play, iii. 6, says, 'Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool ere we can agree upon the first place.'

5 Advised] Heedful; discreet.

6 Change his country manners, &c.] Shakspeare often ridiculed the affectation common amongst those who had travelled on the Continent. Thus, in As You Like It, iv. 1, 'Farewell, monsieur Traveller. Look

that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own

country.

XIX. OF EMPIRE.

It is a miserable state of mind, to have few things to desire and many things to fear; and yet that commonly is the case of Kings, who being at the highest, want matter of desire, which makes their minds more languishing; and have many representations of perils and shadows, which makes their minds the less clear. And this is one reason also of that effect which the Scripture speaketh of, that the King's heart is inscrutable. For multitude of jealousies, and lack of some predominant desire, that should marshal and put in order all the rest, maketh any man's heart hard to find or sound. Hence it comes, likewise, that Princes many times make themselves desires, and set their hearts upon toys ;4 sometimes upon a building; sometimes upon erecting of an

you lisp and wear strange suits; disable all the benefits of your own country,' &c.

That] That which.

2 Representations] Lat. phantasmata.

3 The King's heart, &c.] Prov. xxv. 3, 'The heart of kings is unsearchable.' Bacon was fond of referring to this proverb. In Massinger's Emperor of the East, ii. 1, Philanax, finding that he and others had mistaken the Emperor's nature, says―

'We had forgot 'tis found in holy writ

That kings' hearts are inscrutable.'

In the Advancement, II., Bacon says, 'Princes being at the top of human desires, they have for the most part no particular ends whereto they aspire, by distance from which a man might take measure and scale of the rest of their actions and desires; which is one of the causes that maketh their hearts more inscrutable.'

Toys] Trifles.