The Comnenian Dynasty.-Alexius the First.-Apulia and Sicily

conquered by the Normans.-Robert Guiscard invades Greece

and takes Durazzo.-Relieves Rome, and obliges Henry the

Third to retire.-Invades Greece a second Time.-His Death.

-Seljukian Kingdom of Roum.-Conquest of Jerusalem by

the Turks.-Oppression of the Christians, and Origin of the

Crusades.

A. D.

1081 Siege of Durazzo

The army and march of the emperor Alexius

1081 Battle of Durazzo

1082 Durazzo taken

Return of Robert, and actions of Bohemond

1081 The emperor Henry III. invited by the Greeks

1081-1084. Besieges Rome

1084 Flies before Robert

1084 Second expedition of Robert into Greece
1085 His deatlı

1074-1084. Conquest of Asia Minor by the Turks

The Seljukian kingdom of Roum

638-1099. State and pilgrimage of Jerusalem

969-1076. Under the Fatimite caliphs

1009 Sacrilege of Hakem

Page

52

54

57

58

59

60

61

62

1024 Increase of pilgrimages

1076-1096. Conquest of Jerusalem by the Turks

CHAP. XLIV.

First Crusade.- Conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon.

-Success of Alexius.-Calo John.-Manuel.-Last War of

the Greeks and Normans.-Andronicus, his remarkable Life

and Death.—Events in Syria and Egypt in the Twelfth Cen-

tury.-Noureddin subdues Egypt.-His Successor Saladin takes

Jerusalem.-The Second Crusade.-The Emperor Conrade and

Louis the Seventh.-The Third Crusade.-Frederick Bar-

barossa.-Philip Augustus.-Richard the First.-Siege and

Conquest of Acre.-The last Crusades.-St. Louis.-Edward

the First.-Loss of Acre, and Expulsion of the Franks from

Palestine.

A. D.

1095-1099. The first crusade

Peter the Hermit

1095 Urban II. in the Council of Placentia

Council of Clermont

1096 Departure of the first crusaders

Their destruction in Hungary and Asia

The chiefs of the first crusade

I. Godfrey of Bouillon

II. Hugh of Vermandois, Robert of Normandy,
Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Chartres, &c.

III. Raymond of Thoulouse

a 4

A. D.

IV. Bohemond and Tancred

1096-1097. March of the princes to Constantinople

Policy of the emperor Alexius Comnenus

He obtains the homage of the crusaders

Insolence of the Franks

1097 Their review and numbers

Siege of Nice

Battle of Dorylæum

March through the Lesser Asia

1097--1151. Baldwin founds the principality of Edessa

1097-1098. Siege of Antioch

1098 Victory of the crusaders

Their famine and distress at Antioch

The state of the Turks and caliphs of Egypt

1098-1099. Delay of the Franks

1099-1100. Election and reign of Godfrey of Bouillon

1099 Their march to Jerusalem

Siege and conquest of Jerusalem

1099 Battle of Ascalon

ib.

129

130

131

132

1118 Death of Alexius

1118 John, or Calo-Johannes

1143 Manuel

1146 Roger the Norman invades Greece

1146 His admiral delivers Louis the Seventh of France

Insults Constantinople

1148-1149. The emperor Manuel repulses the Normans

1155 He reduces Apulia and Calabria

1155-1174. His design of acquiring Italy and the western

1271 Prince Edward of England

1291 Acre taken, and the Franks expelled from Syria

CHAP. XLV.

State of Constantinople.-Revolt of the Bulgarians.—Isaac An-

gelus dethroned by his Brother Alexius-Origin of the Fourth

Crusade.-Alliance of the French and Venetians with the Son

of Isaac.-Their naval Expedition to Constantinople.-The two

Sieges and final Conquest of the City by the Latins.

A. D.

1100-1200. Enmity of the Greeks and Latins

The Latins at Constantinople

1183 Their massacre

1185-1195. Reign and character of Isaac Angelus

1186 Revolt of the Bulgarians

1195-1203. Usurpation and character of Alexius Angelus 166

1198 The fourth crusade

Embraced by the barons of France

697-1200. State of the Venetians

1201 Alliance of the French and Venetians

1202 Assembly and departure of the crusade from Venice

Siege of Zara

Alliance of the crusaders with the Greek prince, the

Alexius

young

1203 Voyage from Zara to Constantinople

Fruitless negotiation of the emperor

Passage of the Bosphorus

First siege and conquest of Constantinople by the

Latins

Restoration of the emperor Isaac Angelus, and his son

Alexius

Quarrels of the Greeks and Latins

1204 The war renewed

Alexius and his father deposed by Mourzoufle

Second siege

Pillage of Constantinople

Division of the spoil

Misery of the Greeks

Sacrilege and mockery

Destruction of the statues

167

185

CHAP. XLVI.

Partition of the Empire by the French and Venetians.—Five

Latin Emperors of the Houses of Flanders and Courtenay.—

Their Wars against the Bulgarians and Greeks.—Weakness and

Poverty of the Latin Empire.-Recovery of Constantinople by

the Greeks.

A. D.

1204 Election of the emperor Baldwin I.

Division of the Greek empire

1204 Revolt of the Greeks

1204-1222. Theodore Lascaris, emperor of Nice

The dukes and emperors of Trebizond

The despots of Epirus

1205 The Bulgarian war

Defeat and captivity of Baldwin

Retreat of the Latins

Page

206

209

212

213

214

ib.

216

218

ib.

219

220

223

225

ib.

227

229

231

232

1261 Constantinople recovered by the Greeks

233

Death of the emperor

1206-1216. Reign and character of Henry

1217 Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople

1217-1219, His captivity and death

1221-1228. Robert, emperor of Constantinople

1228-1237. Baldwin II. and John of Brienne, emperors

1237-1261. Progress of the Greeks

1259 Michael Palæologus, the Greek emperor

CHAP. XLVII.

The Greek Emperors of Nice and Constantinople.-Elevation and

Reign of Michael Palæologus.-Hostile Designs of Charles

of Anjou.-Revolt of Sicily.-War of the Catalans in Asia and

Greece. Revolutions and present State of Athens.-Civil Wars,

and Ruin of the Greek Empire.-Reigns of Andronicus, the

Elder and Younger, and John Palæologus.-Regency, Revolt,

Reign, and Abdication of John Cantacuzene.-Establishment

of a Genoese Colony at Pera or Galata.-Their Wars with the

Empire and City of Constantinople.