Auftrian Memorial to the Republic of GENOA.

MEMORIAL delivered by the Auftrian
Commiary General to the Deputies of
the Republic of GENOA, on Nov. 30.
La few Days before the Commotion.]

I the deputies of the most ferene re-
publick of Genoa have been informed
by the marquis Spinola, thetr refident at
Vienna, that they have been fruftrated
in the hopes they flattered themselves
with, of being eafed in the third milli-
on of genouins of contributions, as well
as in the points of exemption from
winter-quarters, and the compenfation
which they have demanded for what has
been furnished by the republick in hay,
ftraw, wood, &. And having recei-
ved by a courier, difpatched exprefsly
for that purpose, a refeript from her
imperial and royal majefty of the 22d
of this prefent month November, which
fully confirms what is before mentioned,
I am charged to notify in the name of
her majesty the empress queen to meffi-
eurs the deputies, as I do by thefe pre-
fents, that her final and precife will and
pleafure is reduced into what is contain-
ed in the articles following,

Do not at all doubt, but meffieurs

A

B

D

I. That the faid deputies of the most ferene republic fhall without fail pay to-morrow and the day after 100,000 genouins, which remain in arrear of the fecond million, without bringing one penny to account for the compenfation for hay, ftraw,&c. as is faid before. E II. That with regard to the third million of genouins, which in like manner is to be paid, there can no other modification be accepted or allowed but what follows, viz. That the republick fhall receive the acquittance of the fund of the farm of falt at Milan for the sum and capital of 600,000 florins, fo that the chamber and state of Milan fhall be thereby difcharged, and fhall have nothing farther to do therewith. That mellieurs the deputies fhall charge themfelves with the payment of the affignations of the purveyors and contractors of the army to the amount of 400,000 G florins, which account fhall be fettled within a year.

F

And as it is the intention of her imperial and royal majefty, that no other capital of what kind foever thall be accepted, the remainder of the third million of genouins muft be fatisfied in ready money, or in bills H

13

with refpect to the magazines that have been reftored; the purchase of which must be made by the city of Genoa by the effective and immediate payment of 200,000 florins.

III. For what concerns winter-quarters, as the demand made for the fubfiftence of the imperial regiments, amounts to the fum irrevocably fixed of another million of genouins, and this fubfiftence ought to be confidered as an ordinary and current expence, fo it is not potible it fhould be fatisfied by paper or any affignation; and therefore this laft million must be paid fpeedily, and without fail in ready money within the compafs of a month.

At the fame time I am charged to fignify to meffieurs the deputies thefe prefent imperial refolutions, I cannot allow them any farther term or delay than twice twenty-four hours, within which space it is neceffary that they oblige themselves to execute every tittle of all that has been before mentioned, and to give fuch fecurity, as that my moft gracious fovereign may be perfectly fatisfied of the entire and abfolute accomplishment of what has been prefcribed upon these three points, For failing tuch full fatisfaction, her im perial and royal majefty has expressly commanded M. the general marquis de Botta, to whom her fovereign intentions are known, to proceed without the leaft delay to the execution of the means prefcribed to him.

All this is to ferve by way of advertifement and rule to meffieurs the deputies of the moft ferene republick. It imports them to afford these presents their moft ferious attention, and to take, with regard to them, measures equally quick and effective. They will likewife do well to reflect upon the fatal confequences of their acting otherwife. It depends upon them to avoid fuch. Given at the head quarters of St Pietro d'Arena, Nov. 30, 1746.

.

Mr URBAN,

of exchange, payable without delay, or MY ingenious Refpondent has not on

the bank of St George. The fame imperial and royal refcript farther conbras what has been before intimated

ly found out, but catched the little creature that ran in my head, and courteously convey'd it to your Magazine. I hope you will tranfmit our joynt acknowledgments, together with thofe of your readers; mine, for

14

Of the Generation and Increafe of LICE.

his obliging anfwer; your reader's, for the important difcovery; your own, for enriching your collections with fo curious an animal, and embellishing them with fo mufical a name.

The etymology is fettled by this gentleman, beyond difpute; but I cannot make this conceffion with regard to the pedigree. Before we A can acquiefce in his folution of this point, we must alk-Were there then no fluts and flovens in the antediluvian world? Had the good women before the flood no occafion to exercife their combs? Did their children never fcratch their crowns?

author of all things is as much to be adored for the wonderful conftruction of its minute parts, as for the creation of that proud, erect creature, on whom he has directed this animal to feek its food, habitation, and nidus, to lay its wish, for the fatisfaction of the curious, who eggs for the continuation of its fpecies. I have not an opportunity to fearch into philofophical authors, that your correfpondent, where he fays, Many a poor fellow, not poffeffed of a foot of land, has thousands and ten thousands of this cattle running on his commons," had added an account of their breedfound in a book, entitled, The Microscope made ing and furprizing increafe, which may be eafy, with feveral new discoveries made by the author: his words are Lice are not hermaphrodite, as has erroneoufly been imagined, but male and female. Mr Lewenboeck difcovered that the males have ftings in their tails, but the females none; and fuppofes the fmarting pain they fometimes give, arifes from their finging, when made neafy by preffure, or otherwife; fince, if roughly handled, they may be feen to thrust out their ftings; and, he fays, he felt but little pain or uneafinefs from the fucker or piercer, tho' feven or eight were feeding on his hand at once. The females lay eggs, or nitts, whence young lice come forth perfect in all except an increase of fize. Mr Lewenhoeck, their members, and undergo no farther change, being defirous to learn the proportion and time of their increafe, put two females into Ia black stocking, which he wore both night and day; and found that, in fix days, one of them had laid fifty eggs, and, upon diffecting it, faw as many more in the ovary; whence hatching in fix days (which he found to be he concludes, that, in twelve days, it would have laid an hundred eggs. These eggs their natural time) would probably produce fifty males, and as many females; and thefe females coming to full growth in 18 days, might each of them be fuppofed, after 12 days more, to lay alfo an hundred eggs; which eggs in fix days farther (the time required to hatch them) might produce a young Fbrood of five thousand fo that in eight

But pleafantry apart.It is a fundamental maxim in phyfics, and feems to be an ex- B prefs part of the fatred narrative, that all the great maker's works were finished in the fix creating days. That no fpecies of being, new and diftinct, has ever been originated fince the clofe of that wonderful week.It would be incompatible with the dignity and happiness of Adam, to fuppofe this vile and peftering reptile lodged about him or his confort. It is alfo unfuitable to the nature of the infect to fubfift any where but on human bodies. May C we not therefore reafonably conjecture, that it was formed in its feed only? That the ovicula, pregnant with the future animal, were properly diffeminated? That, being imperceptibly imall, they might be mixed with the duft, or wafted in the wind; waiting only for a lazy temper and fordid habit, to hatch the egg, and D give birth to the young? That a fordid habit is to this crawling race, what the fummerfuns are to the butterfly, not the parent, but the midwife and the nurse?

If fo, it was wifely provided, that the neat might be free from the odious nulance, and, by a decent care of their perfons, fhould kill the vermin in the very embryo; while the flovenly, whofe mifconduct can scarce come under the cognizance of the legiflator, fhould never want a natural chafizement; fhould always carry with them their own fcourge, and be at once uneafy to themselves, and loathiome to others. Yours, &c. A. B

Farther Cbfervations on the Generation and Increafe of the faid little Animal. MrURBAN,

N

Dec. 26, 1746. Magazine for Otober laft I find an your enigmatical defcription of a certain creature, of very rare and extraordinary qualities, which has never been celebrated by natural historians."I believe every one who has read, or fhall read that defeription, will imme- G diately determine the creature to be a Loufe. But altho' your correfpondent has, in a very ingenious manner, related its qualities, yet he does not feem to be deeply read in philof-phical enquiries, when he fays" it has never been celebrated by natural hißorians." If he had confulted Lewenbieck, Dr Power, and Sawammerdam (thofe diligent enquirers into the H natural caufes as well of animals as vegetables) he would have found fuch amazing difcoveries in the mechanical frame of this little animal, as must have convinced him that the-drige

weeks a Loufe may fee five thousand of its
' own defcendants." A little further he fays,
In the male, the penis is remarkable, and
alfo the teftes, whereof it has a double pair ;
the fting likewife deferves a curious examina-
tion.'-
-Thus far from that curious en-
fomething in anfwer to your correfpondent's
quirer into nature. It now remains to fay
request, to trace the original, to fettle the pe-

digree, when the world was honoured with
its birth, and what place was firft blefs'd
with its refidence; whether it was created
within the fix days affigned by Mojes for the
formation of all things; if fo, where was
to be quarter'd on Adam or his lady."
its habitation, for it can hardly be fuppofed

If we do not believe that this animal was cre-
ated within the fix days, there can be no belief
in any thing Mofes has faid; for, in his ac-
count,

*My Henry Baker, F. R, S.

EXPERIMENTS on ELECTRICITY.

count, which is held to be a facred truth, we
find that, on the fixth day, God created the
beafts of the field, and every creeping thing,
among the number of whom, this animal muft
be one, and that on the fame day he created
man. Now, as we must believe (if we believe
in an omnipotent power) that God could im-
mediately create what he thought fit, so we
muft believe, that the interval of time was very
fmall, between the creation of the beafts and
man. Therefore we muft conclude, that,
when God laid Adam in a deep fleep, in order
to create Eve out of one of his ribs, to be his
companion (as every male befide had his fe-
male) he directed the male and female of this
animal to bend their courfe towards Adam's
head, where he order'd them to fix their ha-
bitation, feek their food, and to increase and
multiply. And if the time of the increase of
this animal is fo very short as the above inge-
nious naturalift has obferv'd, it is not at all to
be doubted, but that, when Adam was weary,
and in his blifsful bower lay'd himself down to
reft, and Eve became the faithful partner of
his fide, nor, as J. Milton says,

The rites myfterious of connubial love
Refus'd

fome of the young ones, out of defire of ro-
ving, might fix their habitation on Mrs Eve's
head; and that, when he began to increase
and bring forth her young, the fame defire of
roving fix'd them on the head of her firft-
born; and, in like manner, they have conti-
nued their habitation, from their first creation
to this prefent time, and fo will do perhaps as
long as the race of man exifts.

There is another fpecies of this animal, of a different make, and largely treated of by naturalifts, which feeds on the commons not only of the lazy and nafty (as your correspondent fays of the other) but of the rich and cleanly alfo; with whom, it might be fuppofed, mankind would not have been blefs'd, if its progenitors had not first found good pafture on the commons of old father Adam, and his kind spouse Mrs Eve.

Yours, &c.

Y. M.

A

15

the difference in point of time was scarce perceivable, fo that nothing, with any accuracy, could be determined by either of us; for fometimes the farthest would feem to move the firft, and at other times that which was nearest; tho' every experiment was conducted with the fame nicety and exactness, and both ends of the wire brought near each other (by bending it in the middle) for conveniency of feeing the experiment more justly.

We then proceeded to the firing spirit of wine warmed in a fpoon, which we did at the farther end of the wire as well as at the nearer; and both with equal facility; and the fhock, Bfnap and flame, upon approaching the wire at either end with the finger, were apparently equal; and the effect was so great as, upon applying the fpirit to the wire, to caufe one unavoidably to throw part of the spirit out of the spoon, the arm being very much convulfed.

In the following winter, at every favourable opportunity, I try'd to fire fpirits, &c. by means of a short piece of wire, 5 or 6 feet long, Call the rest being as before; but, to my great furprize, I never could produce an accumulation or effect, in any degree comparable to that we had before experienced; which, at first, I attributed to the greater moisture or coldness of the air; but, being fatisfied to the contrary, I began to think that our former fuccefs was owing to the greater quantity of folid matter contained in the wire we then made use of.

Do fatisfy myfelf in this, I fufpended a fmith's

E

anville in filk cords, fo as to communicate with the electrified globe; but the force of the electric matter contained therein, did not appear, upon touching it, to be greater than before. Hereupon, I imagined that the great velocity acquired by the motion of the electric matter from fo great a distance might perhaps be the caule of it. To try this, I fufpended 860 feet of the fame wire, and in the fame manner as before; with this I produced a greater effect than ever; but yet I cannot think that the effect of 860 feet was proportionably greater than that of 450, as the number is. But, to be affured whether my fresh fuccefs was really owing to the enlarged length of the wire,

EXPERIMENTS, with fome QUERIES, on or to fome other circumftances, I difengaged

I

ELECTRICITY.

Mr URBAN,

Here fend you an account of fome experiments in electricity, which I fancy will not be unacceptable to the gentlemen attentive to thofe enquiries..

In Sept. 1745, being in company withmy in genious friend Mr Wilfon (See Vol. XVI.p.634) and having a globe for making electrical experi- G ments, he propofed one to determine the velocity wherewith the electric matter moves thro' bodies, by means of a wire 450 feet long, pro perly fufpended, and two pieces of the downy part of a feather nearly equal in bulk and weight, which were laid on polished plates of brafs adjoined to each end of the wire; from thefe, when the rod of wire was electrified, might be feen which feather was thrown off or repelled first from either plate.The event, after a great number of tryals, was, that

the, first piece of wire, which might be about 20 feet long, from all the reft, as I could eafily and readily do; and having made the experi ment feveral times over, first with the whale length, then with one piece only, I conftantly found that the effect of the whole length was vaftly fuperior to that of one piece. I was then defirous to know, whether a greater quantity of electric matter, being accumulated in a larger quantity of folid matter, and moving with the fame velocity, might not produce a greater effect: to determine this, I fufpended the anville as before, which communicated with the further end of the wire; but the effect was not fenfibly different, whether the anville itself was touched, or that end of the wire the most remote from it: nor even whether the anville communicated with the wire or not. I afterwards enlarged the wire to 1078 feet, but the effect was not fenfibly greater than that of

860; however, I am certain it was not lefs. I have fince try'd Mr Wilfon's experiment with 860 feet, with juft the fame fuccefs as before; however, I affured myfelf that there was not a real difference in time of half a fecond.I have found that the force of 5 or 600 feet of wire is to all appearance as great

as any.

A

The axis whereto the globe was fixed, in the above experiments, was turned round by a wheel, to which motion was given by the foot by means of a treadle or treader: I observed, that when I trod the wheel about with one foot, ftanding upon the ground with the other, and excited the globe with one hand, and ap- B proached near the wire with the other, that upon fuch near approach I received a violent fhock in this laft arm, up to the elbow, and at the fame inftant almoft an equal one in the ankle of that leg which flood upon the ground, and no where else in the whole body: if I pla ced the other foot upon the ground, and trod the wheel about with that which stood on the

equal to the original moving force, caufes the velocity after that to be continued equal, as would happen to a ftone falling in the air? Or, 5. Does it happen by a lofs of the electric matter, in paffing through fo great a distance, into the air, and thereby lowering its original moving force or elasticity, as much as it gains by acceleration, in paffing through that greater distance?

6. Does not this virtue endeavour to pass into that body the fooneft, where it can dilate itself the moft, and by the readieft paffage; fince the effect is fenfible in that ankle only which ftands upon the ground (as related in the above experiment) and not in the other which bears upon the treader, tho' the treader communicates with the ground?

7. Is not the caufé of elafticity in bodies wholly different from, and independent on electricity; fince a pocket watch, whofe velocity of motion is principally dependent on, and nearly proportionable to the degree of clafticity in its regulator fpring, was not at all afCfected by being electrified; and if the clafticity of the main fpring be encreased or diminished the fame way as the regulator, they will both co-operate to the fame end, as is well known to thofe that are the leaft acquainted with the nature of thofe machines; fo that no objection can occur on that fide?

ground before, I conftantly felt the fhock in
that ankle which stood on the ground, and not
on that which was upon the treader.
. I fufpended a pocket watch by the pendant
with a piece of wire, to the fashionable piece
of apparatus (a gun-barrel) and compared its
motion, for 15 minutes, with that of a fecond
pendulum clock, and found that it had gained
upon the clock 8 feconds; then I kept the D
watch highly electrify'd for 15 minutes; in this
fpace the watch gained upon the clock 4 fe-
-conds; after that I again compared it (when
hanging as before, but not electrified) with the
clock, and it had gained 2 feconds. From
hence it appears (confidering the difficulty of
obferving the motion of the watch to a fecond
or two) there is no reason to believe that the E
watch's motion was at all affected by being e-
lectrified.

The following Queries being founded on the foregoing experiments, perhaps may not be improperly adjoined,

Qu. 1. Does not the electric matter move - at least thro' a greater space than 1000 feet in a fecond of time, fince it is fenfible at the end of a wire 860 feet long, apparently as foon as at the beginning?

2. Does it not move with an accelerated motion; fince, if it moved with an equal one, as great an effect ought to be produced from a Thort wire as a long one, if it be true that the effect is not increafed by increafing the quantity of matter electrified?

3. Can its motion be, in practice, accelerated beyond a certain degree; fince, if it could be increafed ad infinitum, it would always follow, that the farther the wire was continued, the greater would be its velocity and effect at the end thereof; but it does not appear to be greatter in a wire of 1000 feet than in one of 6 or 800 ?

4. Does this happen, because the electric matter meets with any refiftance from the bodies thro' which it paffes, which, encreafing as -the velocity of the electric matter is encreafing, till fuch times as the refiftance becomes

I cannot help taking notice that the force of the electric matter is as much augmented by continuing the electrified body to 600 feet, as by application of the phial to a fhort body; and fhould the fimple effect of a long wire be encreafed by application of the phial, proportionable to what it is in a fhort one, efpecially as improved by my friend and others, I can hardly think that any animal could furvive fuch a terrible fhock of the nervous system. Leeds, Jan. 14, I am, Sir, Yours, &c. J. SMEATON.

1746-7.

SIR,

A

N acquaintance of mine has made fome curious difcoveries in Electricity; and tho, for fome reasons, he will not immediateFly publish the method of making the neceffary experiments, yet he has confented to give the public a taste thereof, under the form of

G

H

ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS.

I. To make all the parts of a cushion for the electrical experiments of non-electric, matter, and yet a sphere being rubb'd by that cushion with a certain preffure, hall, or shall not, electrify the gun-bartel, according to the defire of a fpectator.

II. To clerify the gun-barrel frongly by turning the globe one way, when the barrel will not be electrified at all by only turning ie the other way; and, if required, may be electrified, or not, by turning it either way.

The whole being performed without adding any thing to, or taking any thing from, the faid cafhion, or altering its preffure; the machine all the time ftanding on the floor, and the gun-barrel always contiguous to the sphere, and at the fame dift.nce from the rubber.

Method of treating fick CATTLE.

17

-But obferve this quantity is to be given at twice, two doles being order'd together to fave the trouble of mixing,

-If it fhould fo happen that the oil of vitriol cannot immediately be procured, half a pint of vinegar (tho' I fhould rather prefer verjuice, if perAfetly good) may fuffice in its ftead. N. B, By a mistake of the press, fixty drops of oil of vitriol was printed in my former Remarks, inftead of fix jcore. (See Vol. XVI, p. 649.).

And, indeed, 'tis thought of great
IMPORTANCE that the plainest di-
rections fhould be given, not only for
the CURE, but, if poffible, for the
PREVENTION, of this fatal difeafe;
I therefore fend you the fubfequent
fcheme, which directs to fo eafy and fo
theap a method, that I hope it will be
generally purfued, as in fome inftances it
has been, with fuch fuccefs, that droop-
ing cattle (whole milk began to decrease) C

have been recover'd to their health and
milk in a few days, and have been
found better than ordinary after it: And
I maft take the liberty to fay, that if the
owners, to spare themfelves jo little trou-
ble and Jo inconfiderable an expence,
flight it, when the fymptoms begin to D
appear in the herd, they mult in a great
meafure charge the deftruction of their
eattle upon themselves, and will be ac
countable, not only to their families,
but to the publick, for the detriment
which may be Juftain'd by their FOL-
LY and OBSTINACY.

Let hot malhes be given them twice or three times in a day, and let them drink frequently of water-gruel moderately four'd with VERJUICE or VINEGAR, which, as they are extremely thirty, they will probably be glad to drink: But if any fhould happen to refufe it, let them drink as much as they will of water-gruel, or warm water alone, which fhould be offer'd them ftveral times in a day.

Tho' it is probable, that if the cattle be taken in time, a great alteration for the better may appear in two or thre days, and particularly that their milk (if it fhould have begun to decreafe) may return plentifully, yet it will be advifeable to go on in this method for 4bout a fortnight: -And ftrefs great must be laid on drinking largely of warm gruel, either with verjuice (if the beaft will do it) or alone.

If during this time two very large featons, or rowels, be made thro' the dewlap (in the manner I have fo párticularly defcribed- fee my first letter Vol. XI. p. 649) and if they be kept running for two or three months, 'twill be an additional fecurity: But these being made late in the diftemper, can be of no uje, because it grows defperate before they can take effect, or begin to F

Wherever the diftemper is near any E
Jound cattle, if any of them begin to
droop, fo that there is the leaft fufpicion
that they are going to fall, let them be
immediately taken up, made clean, and
kept dry The first day let three
quarts of blood be taken away the next
day three quarts more and then let
two quarts be repeated every third day
for four times more yet tome allow-
ance is to be made for the fize of the
cow, and the strength of its conftitu-
tion, in determining the quantity of
blood to be taken away, which may
in a large and full-fed cow be more than
three quarts, in a mall and lean one
defs N. B. I find, upon farther exa-,
mination, that more blood may fately and
conveniently be taken away than IVEN-
TUR'D to advife in my first letter, printed
in your Magazine, Vol. xv1. p. 049.

During this time, let the bealt be
drench'd every day with three ounces
of falt petre, diffolv'd in three quarts H
of water, to which must be added, at
Leajt, fix fcore drops (or three drams
indeed to a large cow) of oil of vitriol:
(Gent.Mag. JANUARY 1747.)

run.

I would obferve farther, that if the owners can contrive to keep thefe cattle up till the latter end of March or beginning of April, 'twould be advijeable; but if they cannot poffibly do it, let great caution be us'd, when they are firit turn'd out, which must be done by degrees, and on fine days.

The reader will oblerve, that all thefe directions relate to the methods to be us'd AT FIRST, for when the dittemper is come to a HEIGHT, little is to be expected from any thing that can be done, and therefore the PRIVY COUNCIL have thought proper to direct that they should be kill'd-and it will be THEN the intereft of the owners exactly to follow thefe directions.

(S.