in repose-but there is occasionally, indeed frequently, a contortion of muscle about his countenance which seems almost involuntary, but which interfered much with the youthful appearance required. Mr. Webster's performance, however, seemed to give satisfaction to the audience, and he was much applauded. It would be invidious to draw a comparison between his Charles the Twelfth and Mr. Farren's-who is there that could beat it? The manner in which this little piece was dressed and "got up," as the phrase is, reflects the highest credit upon the establishment, and of course upon Madame Vestris as the head of it. It is not enough to say, that it would not have been a disgrace to Covent Garden or Drury Lane. It would have done honour to either. The scene at the Chateau of the Baroness is nearly, if not quite, the most elegant and tasty room-scene we ever saw upon any stage.

THE DRURY-LANE BILLS.

THE puff about the Othello and Iago of Messrs. Kean and Macready, which has furnished us with matter for comment for the last two Saturdays, has undergone another alteration. Though it now appears that they cannot work it into good English, we ought at least to give them credit for perseverance in trying. The parts of it previously held up to ridicule, have been removed at two gigantic efforts, but in their anxiety to get up on one side of their horse, they have overreached themselves and fallen into the mud on the other. We are now informed that the gentlemen in question "attracted one of the most crowded Houses ever in the Theatre." Now a crowd of people in a theatre is disagreeable enough, but if the management intends to admit "Houses," we must decline attending. It is decidedly dangerous.

MISCELLANEA

Trinity College, Dublin.-Dr. Longfield, the new Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin, will commence his lectures (we understand) in Easter term. The examination for the Professorship took place last Midsummer, and was conducted by Doctor Lloyd, Provost of Trinity, and Doctor Phipps, Registrar. We have seen the questions proposed to the candidates, who were nine in number, and shall give some specimens of them. Definitions of Rent, Wages, Profit, Value, &c.-Sources of Rent, Wages, and Profit. -Qualities essential to a thing's possessing Value. What determines the Quantity of money necessary for the circulation of a country?

Use of Credit ?-Define Money, and its Uses. -Effects of War and Slavery with respect to Political Economy.-State the distinction, and the reasons for and against adopting it, between Productive and Unproductive Labourers.Causes of the vast difference in the Price of Labour in different countries.-Suppose, in a given district, a great fall of snow to block up the roads, or, again, a vein of coal to be discovered, between these two events (considered in reference to Political Economy), what is the resemblance, and what is the difference in respect to their Effects on the Labouring Classes?Have the improvements in Machinery, and the application of Steam Power, promoted the Prosperity of Great Britain or Ireland, or the contrary? and give your reasons.-If (as is supposed) Gold Mines exist in these countries, do you advise the pursuit of Mining for Gold, or the contrary? and state your reasons.-Are very small farms to Labourers, gratis, or nearly so, advantageous? To what do you attribute the very great distress of late, among the working Tradesmen of England? and how do you propose to remedy it?-Give a Syllabus of the Lectures which you would deliver if appointed to this Professorship,(The answers to these questions

were sent in under fictitious signatures.)—An-
other correspondent writes on the 24th: "The
commencements for the Degrees, under the
Reform Act, takes place to-day, and there is a
prodigious bustle. Those that have not met for
half a century, are recognizing one another, and
wondering how it is that each looks so old. I
suppose upwards of 1000 degrees will be con-
ferred. The contrivances for hoods, and bands,
and gowns, to-day, display super-human inge-
nuity, and demonstrate, signally, the supe-
riority of man to the brute creation. Conceive
a Master of Arts habited thus: hat and black
cravat; bands formed of the tail of a shirt, by
the process of tearing; a hood constructed from
some old piece of black stuff, with a silk hand-
kerchief pinned on the same, and a torn gib's
gown, and imagine this academical personage
in grave and serious conversation with the mar-
tinet Bishop of Ferns!"

Sculpture.-There are two subjects by Mr.
Drake, a fellow-countryman of ours, in the Ber-
lin exhibition; of one of which, a group in gyp⚫
sum of A Warrior dying, whilst Victory is
announcing his triumph to him, we are happy
to find the cognoscenti speak highly, for its ad-
mirable grace and the beauty of the execution.

Method of making a Newspaper popular.-Mr. Russell, the first editor of the Columbian Sentinel, finding his paper neglected, applied to Mr. Barrell, an eminent merchant, for advice, who recommended him to satirize some public character very severely. In the next number of the paper appeared a cutting libel on Mr. Barrell himself; he went in a rage to remonstrate with Russell, who coolly replied, "You see I have taken your advice, and, as you were a friend, I knew that I could venture to make more free with you than a stranger."—U. S. Paper.

NOVELTIES IN LITERATURE AND ARTS. Essays on Vegetable Physiology, practically applied, and illustrated by numerous engravings, by James Main, A.L.S. A third volume of Capt. Brown's Book of Butterflies, directions for catching and preserving specimens. Sketches in Greece and Constantinople.

A General View of the Geology of Scripture; illustrated by Plates, by George Fairholme, Esq.

A Digest of the Evidence before the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, on the Bauk of England Charter.

Hortus Woburnensis, or the Gardens and Grounds of Woburn Abbey.

The Chiragon, or Guide for the Hand.-Mr.
William Stidolph, a schoolmaster at Blackheath,
has invented an apparatus, to which the name of
Chiragon is given; by the assistance of which, a
person who has become blind after having Moths, and Sphinxes, with 48 coloured engravings, ies
learned the art of writing, may continue its
practice without the risk of confounding words
or lines together. It consists of a frame, with
a raised margin, upon which margin is placed a
narrow piece of wood, having a groove to receive
a corresponding key that is attached to a collar
or bracelet for the wrist. In the sides of the
frame, series of notches are cut, into which the
grooved piece of wood is placed, successively, so
as to form the regular intervals between the
lines, whilst the hand is permitted by the collar
to pass freely from left to right, but is confined
to certain limits in its action up and down, or
in the direction of the length of the paper used.
The writing is effected with Mordan's patent
pencils; and we have proved the efficiency of
the invention, by writing a letter, with its gui-
dance, while our eyes were bandaged so as to
exclude the sight of every object.

Steam Voyage from Naples to Greece and
Turkey.-The particulars of a proposed steam
voyage from Naples to Greece and Turkey,
have been sent to us, and will no doubt interest
many of our readers. It is proposed to start in
April, should a sufficient number of persons
subscribe their names with the agents before
the 31st of January. The following is a list of
the ports where the ship will anchor :-Naples,
Messina, Corfu, Patras, Zante, Navarino, Mo-
done, Cerigo (or some port in the Morea,)
Napoli di Romania, Specia, Hydra, Poros,
Egina, Corinth, Porto Lione or Piræus, Capo
Colonna, Zea, Euboea, or Negroponte, Lemnos,
Marmora, and Constantinople;-here one day |
will be employed in visiting the Bosphorus and
the Black Sea, and then the return will be to
Koumkalé, Tenedos, Mitylene, Smyrna, Scio,
Naxos, Paros and Antiparos, Delos, Melos,
Zante, Messina, and Naples, or Leghorn, as
may be determined on. The time occupied in
the voyage will be about three months; but
some days may perhaps be added to those cal-
culated on, for visiting the more remarkable
objects of interest and curiosity on shore, which
however will be without additional cost to the
passengers. The rate of charge, varying of
course according to berth, is from 60 to 85
guineas, provisions included so long as the ship
is at sea; and the arrangements seem to us
made with reference to general convenience,
and to be reasonable and just. Names, we ob-
serve, may be registered at Hammersley's,

Wacousta; or, the Prophecy, a Tale of the Canadas, by the author of Ecarté."

On the 1st of January 1833, (to be continued Monthly,) with Wood Engravings, The Zoological Magazine, or Journal of Natural History.

Letters of Sir Walter Scott, addressed to the Rev. Rd. Polwhele, Davies Gilbert, Esq., Francis Douce, Esq., and others. Accompanied by an original Autobiography of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hussey Vivian, Bart., K.C.B.

An Account of the Bristol Riots, their Causes and

Consequences, by a Citizen.

Mr. Upham's edition of the Translations of some Highly Venerated and Authentic Original Singhalese and Pali MSS. procured in Ceylon, by Sir Alexander Johnston, V.P.R.A.S., will be published in January,

The Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, in Greek, with English Notes and Lexicon, by the Rev. E. J. Geoghegan.

Dr. Park has nearly completed a New Exposition of the Apocalypse.

Sermons by the Rev. E. J. Evans.

A View of the Early Parisian Greek Press, including the Lives of the Stephani or Estiennes, &c. by the Rev. W. Parr Greswell.

A Collection of the most approved Examples of Doors, from Ancient and Modern Buildings in Greece and Italy, by Thomas Leverton Donaldson, Architect.

Just published.-Paris, or, the Book of the Hundred-and-One, 3 vols. 8vo. 17. 8s. 6d.-Tales and Conversations, by Emily Cooper, 3s.-Lanzi's History of Painting, 6 vols. 8vo. 1. 11s. 6d.-Anstice's Greek Choric Poetry, post 8vo. 8s. 6d. - Constable's Miscellany, Vol. 77, 3s. 6d.-Peter Parley's Tales, 280 Cuts, 12mo. 5s.-Anatomy of the Horse, 17. 12s. 6d.-Draper's Life of Penn, royal 32mo. 3s. 6d.— Pickering's Statutes, 8vo. 2 & 3 Wil. 4, 17. 4s. 6d.-Valpy's Classical Library, Vol. 36, 4s. 6d.-Valpy's Shakspeare, Vol. 2, 5s.--Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia, Vol. 37,6s. -Brodie on the Urinary Organs, 8vo. 8s.-Alderson on Cholera at Hull, 8vo. 5s.- Edgeworth's Novels, Vol. 8, 5.s.-Arrowsmith's Grammar of Modern Geography, 12mo. 6s.-Arrowsmith's Modern Atlas, 8vo.7s.-Moral Life, 8vo. 15s.-The Buccaneer, 3 vols. 17. 11s. 6d.— Album Wreath, for 1833, 4to. 1. 4s.-Four Lectures on the Study and Practice of Medicine, 5s.-Poems by the Author of Corn Law Rhymes, 5s.

TO CORRESPONDENTS
Thanks to A. V.-D. N. S.-E. A.

Thanks are an acknowledgment that the contribution has been received. If accepted, it appears as early as convenient.

The work referred to by H. R. C. was noticed in September.

Could our Greenwich correspondent suppose that we should insert the paragraph without his name ?-We should not, had he sent it,

G⚫ declined.

This day, in 3 vols. post 8vo. 11. 8s. 6d.

SIMEON'S HORE HOMILETICE.

NOW PUBLISHING, THE

WORKS of the REV. CHARLES SIMEON, M.A.

SENIOR FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

The Work will contain all that has been published by the Author during the course of more than Thirty-five Years, under the different Titles of HELPS TO COMPOSITION, HORA HOMILETICA, and the APPENDIX to the HORE; comprehending about Two Thousand Five Hundred and Sixty Discourses.

Amongst them will be found, the Course of Sermons on the Excellency of the Liturgy; another Course, entitled, An Appeal to Men of Wisdom and Candour; and Courses of Sermons on the Law, on the Gospel, and on the Offices of the Holy Spirit.

A considerable number of Sermons, NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED, some of them preached before the University of Cambridge, will appear in their proper places.

The whole of the Discourses will be now digested into one continued Series, forming a Commentary upon every book of the Holy Scriptures, from Genesis to Revelations, and peculiarly adapted to be read in Families.

An improved Edition of Claude's Essay on the Composition of a Sermon, will be annexed. Every Reference, throughout the whole Work, has been collated with the Bible, in order to attain perfect accuracy; and copious INDEXES will be given, applicable to every part of the Work, prepared by the Rev. THOMAS HARTWELL HORNE, B.D.

The whole Works will be published under the general Title of

HORÆ

HOMILETICÆ;

THE

WORKS OF ROBERT HALL, A.M.

The PUBLISHERS have the satisfaction to announce that the CONCLUDING VOLUME of the REV. ROBERT HALL'S WORKS, which has been unavoidably delayed, in consequence of the lamented death of SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH, will be published in December.

THIS VOLUME WILL CONTAIN

MEMOIRS of the LIFE of Mr. HALL, including several of his LETTERS not yet published. By
Dr. GREGORY. To which are appended, Notes, containing Portions of SIR JAMES MAC
INTOSH'S REVIEWS, DR. PARR'S EULOGIUM, &c.

OBSERVATIONS on MR. HALL'S CHARACTER as a PREACHER. By JOHN FOSTER.
TWENTY-ONE SERMONS preached by MR. HALL on various occasions, and communicated by
Friends who were in the habit of taking down his Pulpit Discourses.

A COPIOUS GENERAL INDEX of the various Subjects treated of in the Entire Works,
A LIST of SUBSCRIBERS.

A beautifully-engraved PORTRAIT of MR. HALL, by W. FINDEN from a Drawing by BRAN

WHITE.

having been written very much with the same view as THE HOMILIES of the Church of England The Five Volumes already published (Vols. 1. and V. of which are reprinted,)

were, and designed precisely to accord with the Doctrines there promulgated.

The Work will consist of Twenty-one Volumes, Octavo.

To Subscribers it will be delivered in Four Portions-one of Six Volumes, and three of Five, at Ten Shillings per Volume.

may be had as follows, price 12s. each.
VOL. I.
CIRCULAR
CHARGES, and
SERMONS,
LETTERS, including a Sermon on Isaiah,
liii. 8. not before published.
VOL. II.

The FIRST PORTION,-Vols. I. to VI., GENESIS to PSALMS, was published in August.
The SECOND PORTION,—Vols. VII. to XI., PROVERBS to MATTHEW, is this day ready.
The THIRD PORTION will be published on the First of February; and the whole completed TRACTS on TERMS of COMMUNION and

before Midsummer next.

LUSTRATIONS of POLITICAL
ECONOMY. No. 11, price 1s. 6d.
FOR EACH AND FOR ALL. A TALE.

By HARRIET MARTINEAU.
On the 1st of January, No. 12,

French Wines and Politics.

Charles Fox, 67, Paternoster-row.

DRAMATICK LIBRARY, IN MONTHLY VOLUMES. On the 1st of January, 1833, will be published, price 4s. 6d. neatly bound in cloth,

THE DRAMATICK LIBRARY, Volume

THE

the First, with Remarks, Critical and Biographical, by GEORGE DANIEL. Embellished with a full-length highly characteristic Plate of Mr. Dowton, in Sir John Falstaff, with a Vignette Title and Portrait of Shakspeare, beautifully engraved on steel by the celebrated Artist, Conrade Cook, and eight Pictorial Scenes.

Also, on the 15th of January, 1833, will be published, neatly bound
in cloth,
The Dramatized Works of Sir Walter Scott,

Bart.
London: Published by Thomas Hurst, 65, St. Paul's Church-
yard.

G

Published this day, price only 2s. hound, RAMMATICAL EXERCISES on the Moods, Tenses, and Syntax of the Latin Language (origiually composed by the late Mr. Turner). A new edition, carefully revised, with Notes, and a Vocabulary.

By GEORGE FERGUSON,
One of the Masters of the Edinburgh Academy.
Published by Oliver aud Boyd, Edinburgh; and Simpkin and
Marshall, London.
Also, lately published,

JOHN'S BAPTISM.
VOL. III.
TRACTS, Political and Miscellaneous, including
an unpublished Fragment of a Defence of
Village Preaching.

London: HOLDSWORTH and BALL, 18, St. Paul's Churchyard.

In the press, 8vo.

N the ADMINISTRATION of BRITISH
Documents.

S

By Sir JOHN MALCOLM..
John Murray, Albemarle-street.

In a few days, 8vo. 2nd edition,

KETCH of the SIKHS, with an Introduc-
tory Chapter regarding the Navigation of the Indus.
By Sir JOHN MALCOLM.
John Murray, Albemarle-street.

The 4th edition; in 2 vols. 8vo, with 24 characteristic Plates,
21s. in cloth,

THE

DOMESTIC MANNERS of the

AMERICANS.

By Mrs. FRANCES TROLLOPE.
By the same Author,

The Refugee in America. A Novel. 3 vols.

post svo.

Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Ave Maria-lane.

Early in December will be published,
HE DUBLIN UNIVERSITY CALEN-

Cambridge University Calendars.)
Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Ave Maria-lane, London; and
Curry and Co. Dublin.
CONSTABLE'S MISCELLANY-With several Engravings, 3s. 6d.
POPULAR GUIDE to the OBSERVA-
TION of NATURE; or, Hints of Inducement to the
Study of Natural Productions and Appearances, in their Con-
nexions and Relations.
By R. MUDIE, Author of the British Naturalist,' &c.
Forming the 77th volume of Constable's Miscellany,'
By the same Author,
First Lines of Zoology. 6s.

First Lines of Natural Philosophy. 5s.
The Picture of India. 2nd edit. 2 vols. 12s.
Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Ave Maria-lane.

Just published, in 8vo. 78. 6d.
THE PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE of
University.

By JOHN HIND, M.A. F.R.A.S.
Late Fellow and Tutor of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
By the same Author,

The Elements of Algebra. 2nd edition, 8vo.

Whittaker, Treacher and Co. Ave Maria-lane.
OCTAVO EDITION OF WHITE'S NATURAL HISTORY
AND ANTIQUITIES OF SELBORNE.
This day is published, in one very handsome volume, 8vo. finely
printed by Whittingham, and illustrated with beautiful Cuts
of Scenery and Natural History, price 16s. boards,
THE NATURAL HISTORY and ANTI-

Milligan's improved Edition of Corderius, QUITIES of SELBORNE.

with a Vocabulary expressly adapted to the Text. 18mo. 25.

A new edition, with Notes by several eminent Naturalists, and
an Enlargement of the Naturalist's Calendar. Illustrated with
numerous fine Wood Engravings, complete in 1 vol. 8vo.
By the late Rev. GILBERT WHITE.
London: Printed for J. and A. Arch; Longman, Rees, and
Co.; Baldwin and Cradock; Hatchard and Son; Harding and
Lepard; J. G. and F. Rivington; S. Bagster; Whittaker and Co.;
J. Duncan; W. Mason; J. Cochran; E. Hodgson; J. Bain;
W. J. and J, Maynard; J. Bohn; and Houlston and Son,

VOL. IV.
REVIEWS and MISCELLANEOUS PIECES,
including several Pieces not before d
lished.

VOL. V.
NOTES of SERMONS from the Author's ov
Manuscripts, with a Selection from his Letters,

This Volume is entirely composed of mater
hitherto unpublished.

This day are published, in 8vo. price 75,6d.

INTRODUCTORY LECTURES on POLI

TICAL ECONOMY, delivered in Easter Term, 1821.
By RICHARD WHATELY, D.D. Archbishop of Dublin,
Late Principal of St. Alban's Hall, formerly Fellow of Oriel Col-
lege, and Professor of Political Economy in the University of
Oxford.

Second edition, including Lecture IX. and other additions.
The Ninth Lecture is also published
separately, for the convenience of purchasers of the first editico,
Printed for B. Fellowes, Ludgate-street.
Of whom may be had, by the same Author, just published,
Thoughts on Secondary Punishments. 8vo.

London: J. HOLMES, Took's Court, Chancery Lane.
Published every Saturday at the ATHENEUM OFFICE, No. 2,
CATHERINE STREET, Strand, by J. FRANCIS; and sold by
all Booksellers and Newsrenders in Town and Country;
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and GRAY & BOWEN, Boston, America.-Price 44.; eria
Monthly Parts (in a wrapper.)
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to be forwarded to the Office as above,

No. 267.

Journal of English and Foreign Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts.

LONDON, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1832.

PRICE FOURPENCE.

This Journal is published every Saturday Morning, and despatched by the early Coaches to Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Dublin, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and other large Towns; it is received in Liverpool for distribution on Sunday Morning, twelve hours before papers sent by the post. For the convenience of persons residing in remote places, the weekly numbers are issued in Monthly Parts, stitched in a wrapper, and forwarded with the Magazines to all parts of the World.

REVIEWS

broad open violence of persecution was among
the least of the difficulties that the advocates
of knowledge had to encounter; ignorance,
armed with power, extended its sway over
every branch, small and great; it affected
to find dangerous heresies equally in the
Translation of the Scriptures, a new remedy
letter. It would astound us to find in the
in medicine, or the novel form of a Greek
present day a deputation from the College of
Physicians, praying, that all novelties in the
practice of medicine should be restrained by
act of parliament-but what are we to say of
a University, in which the great majority had
as little knowledge of medicine as of the in-
terior of Africa, proscribing a new mode of
treatment as heresy?

"Pierre Brissot, born at Poictou in 1478, dis-
tinguished himself as a medical practitioner at
Paris and elsewhere, at the period when the
Lutheran reformation began to be agitated. At
Paris, Brissot first wrote and spoke against an
inveterate practice then still in use, of bleeding
for the pleurisy on the side opposite to that which

was affected. He maintained this to be an

A View of the Early Parisian Greek Press,
including the Lives of the Stephani or Es-
tiennes; Notices of other Contemporary
Greek Printers of Paris, &c. By the Rev.
William Parr Greswell, Author of the 'Life
of Politian,' &c. 2 vols. Oxford: Talboys.
THE art of printing has been praised in prose
and verse, and in that species of composition
which is both, yet neither, until the terms of
eulogy have been utterly exhausted; but, for
those who exercised the art, the voice of pane-
gyric has been silent, and authors seem to
imitate the soldier in the civil wars, who pro-
fessed himself the devoted servant of the
church, and the enemy of all its ministers.
The Life indeed of a modern printer would
probably have a very close resemblance to
the celebrated autobiography of Brassbridge,
because, from the divisions and subdivisions
of literary labour, the printer need not now
be anything beyond a mere tradesman, and
probably would be the worse printer if he
aimed at any higher post. It was not so,
Arabian invention, in contradiction to the doc-
however, in the period to which these volumes
trines of Hippocrates and Galen. His own
reformed practice in this particular having suc-
refer, the printers were then not merely the
ceeded in many instances, gained numerous
patrons, but the founders of literature-the proselytes in France to his opinion. He re-
first to introduce new subjects of study, to moved to Portugal subsequently, maintained
open new paths of learning; they reversed the there the same doctrine, and was violently op-
order of political economy, and produced de- posed by the king's physician. This contro-
mand from supply. In this career none ran versy at length occasioned an appeal to the
a more honourable course than the family of universy of Salamanca; but while the question
the Estiennes or Stephani; none made greater
was there under discussion, the Medicus regius
exertions for the extension of classical litera-procured from the legal authorities a decree,
ture, none united in a higher degree the sound forbidding all medical practitioners to bleed on
the side where the pleurisy was seated. The
knowledge of editors with practical skill in
university however determined that Brissot's
the typographical art. On this account the method agreed with the real doctrine of Hippo-
biographies of these illustrious men form an
crates and Galen. At length the partisans of
essential part of the literary history of their
the reverse system, about the year 1529, pro-
age; they were leaders in that great revolu-
cured an appeal to the decision of the emperor
tion which rescued learning from the dynasty Charles V. To prejudice his opinion, they as-
of those whom Pope happily characterizes as serted, that the doctrine of their opponents was
"holy Vandals"-they were the first to break no less injurious to the body than the heresy of
down the barriers against improvement Luther was to the soul; and they accused them
erected by collegiate prejudice, monastic in- of ignorance, temerity, and actual Lutheranism
tolerance, and sacerdotal imbecility. Unfor- in the affair of Medicine. Unfortunately for
tunately for their fame, the warfare that they their cause, Charles III. duke of Savoy, died
at that critical juncture (anno 1553, for so long
waged was more continuous than noisy; and had the dispute been agitated) of a pleurisy,
men regard more the plashing torrent that after having been blooded according to the prac-
strikes forcibly on the senses, than the quiet tice which Brissot condemned; otherwise, it
drop which slowly, but surely, wears away the was thought Charles V. would have decided the
question in favour of the ancient practice."

stone.

The private life of the Estiennes was that of diligent unobtrusive scholars, and bibliographical notices supply the chief materials for the history of their public career; we do not consequently anticipate great popularity for these volumes in an age pre-eminent

above all others for a morbid love of stimulus and excitement. If, however, we desire to obtain any accurate knowledge of the progress of literature, and the difficulties against which its patrons had to contend, we must trace the history through all its minutiæ. The

We question whether the severest judge that ever sat on the English bench would not have been startled by the following case of libel, if brought before him for trial. Imagine, reader, if you can, John Locke tried before

Lord Mansfield for a libel on Aristotle :

"Petrus Ramus, or de la Ramée, son of a 'Charbonnier' of Picardy, at first a valet in the college of Navarre, but afterwards for his merit chosen principal of the collège de Presle, and a professor of the collège Royal, was a zealous cultivator of eloquence and mathematical science,

but contemned Aristotle, and presumed to write against him. Antoine de Govea, a Portuguese Perepatéticien,' then established at Paris, instituted a legal process against him for this irreverence, first at the Chatelet, and afterwards before the parliament. Pleadings were opened, but the king took upon himself the affair, and and the point was undergoing legal discussion; stotle, and his advocate Govea. Ramus was appointed arbitrators. They decided for Aripronounced guilty of temerity and insolence, for having raised his voice against the prince of philosophers: his books were condemned, and he was forbidden to teach. Pierre Galand reports, that the king was inclined to send Ramus to the galleys."

As a specimen of the arguments by which the collegiate blockheads endeavoured to check the progress of intelligence, we shall quote Noel Beda's pleadings against the foundation of professorships for teaching the Hebrew and Greek languages. His plea is a perfect model of the reasonings of potential ignorance: Marillac's reply exhibits that mixture of firmness and prudence which ever distinguishes a temperate and, therefore, a judicious reformer:

"M. Gaillard tells us, that Noel Beda was the person selected to plead the cause of the university before the parliament; and the arguments employed by him were sufficiently characteristic of the advocate. He urged, that to propagate the knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages, would operate to the absolute destruction of religion. Already, said he, such dangerous remarks as these are frequently heard: 'such is the import of the Hebrew original;' and, thus it is that we find it read in the version of the Septuagint.' Were these professors Theologians,' he asked, that they should thus pretend to explain the Bible? Were not, indeed, the very Bibles which they made use of, for the most part, printed in Germany, the region of heresy? Or at least, were they not indebted for them to the Jews? The replies of the professors, through Marillac, their advocate, are said to have been to the following effect: No; we advance no pretension to the name of theologians. It is as critics or grammarians only, that we explain the Greek and Hebrew Scriptures. But answer us: Do you profess to understand Greek and Hebrew? If

This is an

so, attend our lectures; and when you find us
teaching any heresy, denounce us.
occupation in which you have already had suf-
ficient practice. But if you are yet ignorant
both of the Greek and Hebrew languages, with

what show of propriety can you insist upon
examining us? or on what grounds do you forbid
play of your own barbarous contempt for a
us to teach? Will you presume to make a dis-
species of knowledge, which you have not ac-
quired?

Or as public functionaries of the university, does it become you to oppose the progress of instruction, or to resist or embarrass the efforts which a great monarch is making to banish ignorance out of his dominions? As to the subjects of our lectures, we are permitted to choose for ourselves, out of the whole variety of Greek authors; or if any of us should prefer