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is able to withhold the hands from theft and murder,) yet it cannot work the inward motions, as the fear of God, trust in God, chastity, patience, &c.

[Concerning free-will they do teach that man's will hath some freedom to perform a civil justice, and to make choice of things that are within the reach of reason but it hath no power to perform a spiritual justice without the Holy Spirit, because Paul saith, "The natural man perceiveth not the things that are of the Spirit of God;" and Christ saith, "Without me ye can do nothing." Now this spiritual justice is wrought in us, when we are helped of the Holy Ghost; and we receive the Holy Ghost when we assent unto the Word of God, that we may be comforted through faith in all terrors of conscience, as Paul teacheth when he saith, "That ye may receive the promise of the Spirit through faith." These things, almost in as many words, saith St. Augustine, Lib. III. Hypognost. This sentence of St. Augustine doth notably teach what is to be attributed to free-will, and doth put a plain difference between civil discipline or the exercises of human reason and spiritual motions, true fear, patience, constancy, faith, invocation in most sharp temptations, in the midst of Satan's subtle assaults, in the terrors of sin. In these surely we had great need to be guided and helped of the Holy Spirit, according to the saying of Paul, The Spirit helpeth our infirmity.'

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We condemn the Pelagians and all such as they are, who teach that by the only powers of nature, without the Holy Spirit, we may love God above all, and fulfil the law of God as touching the substance of our actions. We do freely and necessarily censure these dreams: for they do obscure the benefits of Christ.

For therefore is Christ the Mediator set forth and mercy promised in the Gospel, because that the law cannot be satisfied by man's nature, as Paul wit. nesseth, when he saith, Rom. viii. “The carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be." For albeit that man's nature by itself can, after some sort, perform external works, for it can contain the hands from theft and murder, yet can it not make those inward motions, as true faith, true fear, patience, and chastity, unless the Holy Ghost do govern and help our hearts. And yet in this place also do we teach, that it is also the commandment of God, that the carnal motions should be restrained by the industry of reason, and by civil discipline. As Paul saith, "The law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ:" also, "the law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless."

XIX.

Touching the cause of sin, they teach, that albeit God doth create and preserve our nature, yet the cause of sin is the will of the wicked, to wit, of the devil, and of ungodly men: which will, being destitute. of God's help, turneth itself from God, as Christ saith, John viii. "When he speaketh a lie, he speak eth of his own."

[Touching the cause of sin, they teach, that albeit God doth create and preserve nature, yet the cause of sin is the will of the wicked, to wit, of the devil, and of ungodly men, which turneth itself from God unto other things, against the Commandments of God: therefore Christ saith of the devil, When he speaketh

such as have had no experience thereof, and all that are profane men, which dream that Christian righte ousness is nought else but a civil and philosophical justice, are evil judges of this matter. In former ages, men's consciences were vexed with the doctrine of works, they never heard any comfort out of the Gospel. Conscience drave some into the desert, into monasteries, hoping there to merit favour by a monastical life. Others found out other works whereby to merit favour, and to satisfy for sin. There was very great need therefore to teach this doctrine of faith in Christ, and after so long time to renew it; to the end that fearful consciences might not want comfort, but know that grace and forgiveness of sins, and justification, were apprehended by faith in Christ.

Another thing which we teach men is, that in this place the name of faith doth not only signify a bare knowledge of the history, which may be in the wicked, and as in the devil, but it signifieth a faith which believeth, not only the history, but also the effect of the history, to wit, the article of remission of sins, that we have grace and righteousness and remission of sins through Christ. Now he that knoweth that the Father is merciful to him through Christ, this man knoweth God truly, he knoweth that God hath care of him, he loveth God, and calleth upon him: in a word, he is not without God in the world, as the Gentiles are. As for the devils, and the wicked, they can never believe this article of the remission of sins, and therefore they hate God as their enemy, they call not upon him, they look for no good thing at his hands. After this manner doth Augustine admonish his reader, touching the name of faith, and teacheth that this word faith is taken in Scripture, not for a knowledge, as in the

wicked, but for a trust and confidence, which doth comfort and cheer up disquieted minds.

Moreover our divines do teach, that it is requisite to do good works, not for to hope to deserve grace by them, but because it is the will of God. Remission of sins and peace of conscience are apprehended only by faith. And because that the Holy Spirit is received by faith, our hearts are presently renewed, and do put on new affections, so as they are able to bring forth good works. For so saith Ambrose, "Faith is the breeder of a good will and of good actions. For man's powers, without the Holy Spirit, are full of wicked affections, and are weaker than that they can do any good deed before God. Besides they are in the devil's power, who driveth men forward into divers síns, into profane opinions, and into very heinous erimes. As was to be seen in the philosophers, who, assaying to live an honest life, could not attain unto it, but defiled themselves with open and gross faults." Such is the weakness of man, when he is without faith and the Holy Spirit, and hath no other guide but the natural powers of man. Hereby every man may see, that this doctrine is not to be accused as forbidding good works, but rather is to be commended, because it sheweth after what sort we must do good works. For without faith the nature of man can by no means perform the works of the First and Second Precepts. Without faith it cannot call upon God, hope in God, bear the cross, but seeketh help from man, and trusteth in man's help. So it cometh to pass, that all lusts and desires, and all human devices and counsels, do bear sway, so long as faith and trust in God is absent. Wherefore Christ saith, "Without me ye can do no

thy power there is nought in man, and there is nothing but that which is hurtful."

(Art. XX. in the Edition of 1538 is too long for insertion.)

XXI.

Touching the worship of saints, they teach, that the memory of saints may be set before us that we may follow their faith and good works, according to our calling, as the Emperor may follow David's example in making war to drive away the Turks from his country: for either of them is a King. But the Scripture teacheth, not to invocate saints, or to ask help of saints, because it propoundeth unto us one Christ, the Mediator, Propitiator, High Priest, and Intercessor. This Christ is to be invocated, and he hath promised that he will hear our prayers, and liketh this worship especially, to wit, that he be invocated in all afflictions, 1 John ii. "If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, &c."

[Concerning the worship of saints, they teach, that it is profitable to propose the memory of saints, that by their examples we may strengthen our faith, and that we may follow their faith and good works, so far as every man's calling requireth, as the Emperor may follow David's example in making war to beat back the Turks, for either of them is a King. We ought also to give God thanks, that he hath propounded so many and glorious examples of his mercy in the saints of his Church, and that he hath adorned his Church with most excellent gifts and virtues of holy men. The saints themselves also are to be commended, who have holily used those gifts which they employed to the

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