"its revered freedom, and its knowledge, its arts, manners, and writings. All "disappeared, all vanished; and as a worthless slave has only one care how "he may best satisfy the wish of his master, and thus lighten the burthen of "his chains, so from that time Greece bade farewell to her lofty speculations, "her noble studies, her free discussions and exercises, and considered it her only happiness to be bound with a chain of gold or silver, and to bear the lightest fetters possible, whilst her thoughts were enthralled in servitude. "Alas! for such a destiny. Where are now the Grecian gymnasia? where "the learned academies? where her seminaries of instruction? where her "teachers? where, in short, is the Grecian language? All must obey the "will and pleasure of the conquerors. Other names, another way of life, "other customs, other garments and habitations, other ideas must be adopted, "and all must be expressed and named in the language of the conquerors. "From this sprung that monstrous compound, the Romaic language, composed, like a dog-kennel, of different foreign words and phrases, unknown "to the Greeks, and of which we cannot make use, because the generality of "readers do not understand them, and all are disgusted at a jargon to which they have not been accustomed.

66

"With such a corrupt language, which is hardly sufficient to explain the "most trite ideas, how can any one translate books of science, express noble conceptions, or explain the principles of systems, political doctrines, or "moral theories? A chaos overwhelms him on all sides; a vacuum receives "him at every thought, and every period is to him a new labour and difficulty."

'The author then proceeds to defend his own style of writing, and replies to 'the supposed arguments of those who wish him to write in the common terms ' and language of the vulgar. He afterwards proceeds thus:

“But I would ask, which manner of writing an author must select out of the "various methods which the inhabitants of Constantinople use; since not only every part and division of that city has a different method of expression, but " even the most celebrated of our nation vary in their language and conversa"tion. One inclines to the ancient Greek style, another to that of the "Turks, another consults entirely his own fancy. Besides these varieties, "there is a great and irreconcileable difference between the conversation "of the men and women, and still more between that of one female and "another. What style, then, of composition must the unhappy author

"choose, since in whichever way he writes, he will have critics and "revilers.

5

"But must we then despair that this language, changed from its original "purity, can ever be again restored to beauty? can we never hope to have one common style, in which all, equally labouring, may advance with equal "success to benefit their country, and compose according to fixed rules and general principles? Certainly not-Even the style which we now use is "somewhat polished, thanks to the blessed Nicholas Vaivoda Keratza, who in "the Romaic language, deficient as it is (but by him brought back as much "as possible to its parent the Greek,) wrote easily, translated skilfully, and "explained elegantly every subject. This style is adopted by all the modern "chiefs and princes of our nation, and, in imitation of them, by the greater "number of the Archontes, who in this idiom compose the chief part of their "correspondence."

'The state of public instruction is considerably improved within the last half century. For the encouragement of ancient literature, a school was 'established about forty years ago in the Isle of Patmos, to which scholars are 'sent from different parts of Greece. Their number, on an average, is about 100. It was established by some Greeks of Constantinople, called Tvagades, (from the trade they exercised of pellise makers.) They pay the master about 1000 piastres (£50.) per annum. The scholars maintain themselves, but

pay nothing to the master. They remain five years. Their course of study ' is the grammar of the ancient Greek, the fables of Æsop, the Dialogues of 'Lucian, Xenophon, Thucydides, and afterwards the poets. They are exer'cised in the writing of ancient Greek, and two or three times a week the master gives a portion of some Romaic author, to be turned by his scholars ' into that language.

There are also two public schools in the Isle of Scio, kept at the expense ' of the town of Scio, to which scholars are sent from all parts of Greece. In Constantinople there are two large schools established by the Greeks. The Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia maintain twelve scholars in each.

5 A Greek native of Constantinople, who about twenty years ago gave a large sum of money for the encouragement of modern Greek literature. This Keratza was made Prince of Walachia, where he established schools for the encouragement of learning.

'The Patriarch of Constantinople pays the salaries of the masters, about 3000 piastres per annum (£150.) One of these schools is appropriated to the teaching of the ancient Greek, and the other to the sciences, logic, physics, ' and mathematics. There are twenty-four scholars in each school maintained. ' and instructed at the public expense; the rest are instructed, but not 'maintained.

"There are some Ioannina merchants, by name Zwopia, brothers, settled at Leghorn, who give great encouragement to Romaic literature, printing books ' at their own expense, and distributing them gratis.

'At Athens there are two public schools for the ancient Greek. One was 'founded by Giovanni Deka, an Athenian, who has left a fund in the bank of 'Venice for the payment of the master, and the support of twelve scholars. This payment has however been stopped since the occupation of Venice by 'the French. At present it is maintained by the Convent Twv Tağıαpxwv, i. e. of 'the Angels Michael and Gabriel. This convent, instead of paying a tax as ' it formerly did to the city, now supports the master and twelve scholars. The 'master has six hundred piastres per annum, and for every scholar six killows ' of grain and his caratch.

'The other school in Athens had its pension also from Venice, which was 'left by an Athenian, named Tagovn. At present it is supported by the city, and ' 250 piastres per annum are given to the master. Each school has a library. The one which I saw did not contain above one hundred volumes, chiefly 'editions of the old classics.

‹ Every village has its Papas (or Priest.) He teaches three or four scholars ' to read and write Romaic. Instruction however is very sparingly diffused ' amongst the lower orders. In a village of two hundred houses, twenty persons 'cannot perhaps be found who know how to read and write. Those who do, are proud of their proficiency, and wear in their girdle a brass ink-stand

• M. Guys,* with his usual facility of discovering what he wishes, talks of the delicacy of the Athenian ear, which has preserved the sweetness of the ancient pronunciation. It is notorious that the Athenians speak worse Greek than any of the provincials, a circumstance which Gibbon has not failed to remark.† Indeed Xenophon ‡ more than implies that their common language was always more corrupt than that of the other Greeks.

* Voyage Littéraire, t. i. p. 156.

+ Gibbon, vol. ii. p. 356.

Xenoph. de Repub. Athen. c. ii. s. 8.

'to shew their accomplishment. The Papas are a most ignorant race, taken 'from the lower orders. The service of the church is written in ancient Greek, ' and hardly any understand what they read. Not one in ten is able to explain 'the service. They work in the fields like common labourers; and I have seen 'a Papas engaged, with other workmen, in tiling a house.

'There are three universities' in Italy to which the Greeks are sent for 'instruction, at Padua, Pisa, and Bologna; but those sent to these places are ' almost always destined for the study of medicine.

In Venice there are two printing presses established by two Greeks of Ioannina, for printing books in the Romaic tongue. There is also in Venice ' a Greek church, and school for the ancient Greek.

'In Trieste there is a printing-press where books in the Romaic tongue are printed.

'About fifteen years ago, a printing-press was established at Constanti 'nople for Greek and Romaic books. It is in the house of the Patriarch.

In Vienna there is also a press, established about thirty years ago by 'Giorgio Vendotti, of Zante; at which more Romaic books are printed 'than in any of the other places. There is also a school for the Greek language, maintained by about thirty Greek families, who reside in Vienna. 'About five Greek families in Vienna have received titles of nobility; but 'the Greeks had not the free exercise of their religion there, before the reign ' of Joseph II.

'In many towns of Austria and Hungary, there are Greek Churches and 'Schools; as at Pest, Peterwaradin, Tokai, Zenta, Temeswar; at Cronstadt ' and Hermanstadt, in Transylvania. In these towns there are generally eight C or ten Greek families.

It must be remarked that these emigrations have taken place mostly within these forty years, about which time the Turkish government became 'more oppressive.

The original works in the Romaic language are chiefly on ecclesiastical 'affairs. The sermons of Elias Myniati, of Cephalonia, are in most repute; 'those of Theotoki of Corfu, and of Damasceno, are also admired.

'Les Grecs (says Coray, with some exaggeration) d'aujourd'hui sentent tellement le besoin de l'instruction, qu'il n'y a presque aucune Université de l'Europe où l'on ne trouve des étudians Grecs. See his Discours Préliminaire to the translation of Hippocrates's treatise, Пɛp aɛpwv, ὕδατων TожV. p. 121, note.

'There is a work preparing for the press, but not yet published, by Vicen، tins Damodos, of Cephalonia, who died fifty years ago. It treats of Physics, ، Logic, Rhetoric, and Theology, in 4 vols.

The Ecclesiastical History, (in 4 vol. quarto, printed in Vienna, 1795) 'besides treating of the affairs of the Church, gives a summary of political ' events, and a catalogue of modern authors, classed according to the centuries in which they flourished. The number of authors in the eighteenth century 'is fifty-five. The author's name is Milesius of Ioannina.

'This same author has also written a large work on ancient and modern

Geography, which is much esteemed. It was originally printed in folio, and ، is now reprinted in quarto.

'Eugenius Vulgari, a native of Corfu, wrote a work on Logic, which is * much esteemed. He left his native country owing to a quarrel with the 'Patriarch of Constantinople, and took refuge in Russia, where he was made Bishop of Pultowa by Catherine.

'Athanasius Psalidas, of Ioannina, has written a metaphysical and theological work, entitled "Anons Eudauuovia. He has also made a collection of song's

and canzonets in the Romaic language, which he calls Epulos croreEGala.

'He is also a geographer, and is about to publish a map of Albania.

Gregorius Demetriades, of Zagara, wrote a work on modern geography. The most celebrated poet is Constantinus Manus, a native of Constantinople. He has written a pastoral poem called the Adventures of Cleanthes ، and Havrokome, Ta xara Kréavdny xal Apoxounv. His style is reckoned the most polished of any who have written in the Romaic tongue.

'Giacomaki Lampadario, of Constantinople, has written small poems on 'different subjects.

Riga Velensteli has written a work on physics; I suppose, however, 'merely a compilation. He has published also a map of Greece, with the 'modern names, and a representation of all the coins and medals of the 'different towns.

(Giovanni Venizelaki wrote a History of Athens from the earliest to the latest times. The work was never printed; the manuscript was bought by ، an Englishman.

'Koray, a native of Smyrna, is well known to the literary world for his translation of Strabo, and his edition of the Æthiopics of Heliodorus, and the ، treatise on Climate, by Hippocrates.