SOUTH-WESTERN POLYTECHNIC, MANRESA ROAD, CHELSEA, S. W. The Day College Courses consist of 30 hours per week, and are in prepar ation for London University degrees of B.Sc. in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, in Chemistry, Physics and Natural Science. Session Fee, £15. The Evening Classes consist of similar courses at much reduced rates. The Technical Day Courses are arranged to extend over 3 years and prepare for Engineering, Electrical, Chemical and Metallurgical professions. S. SKINNER, M.A. *W. H. ECCLES, D.Sc. J. LISTER, A.R.C.S. *L. LOWNDS, B.Sc., Ph.D. J. B. COLEMAN, A.R.C.S. *J. C. CROCKER, M.A. F. H. LOWE, B.Sc. C. W. HALE. Mathematics and Physics Chemistry and Metallurgy W. E. OAKDEN. H. B. LACEY. *T. G. HILL, A.R.C.S. A. J. MASLEN, F.L.S. W. W. F. PULLEN, Wh.Sc. *A. MACKLOW SMITH. H. AUGHTIE. A. J. MAKOWER, B.A. U. A. OSCHWALD, B.A. *B. H. MORPHY. * Recognised Teacher of the University of London. Full prospectus from the SECRETARY, post free, 4d.; at the office, price id. BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) YORK PLACE, BAKER STREET, W. The College provides instruction for Students preparing for the University of London Degrees in Arts, Science, and Preliminary Medicine, also instruction in subjects of General Education. There is a Training Department for Teachers, a Hygiene Department and an Art School. Students can reside in the College. DEPARTMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN TEACHING. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT-MISS MARY MORTON, M.A. Students are admitted to the Training Course in October and in January The Course includes full preparation for the examinations for the Teach ing Diplomas granted by the Universities of London and Cambridge, held annually in December. Full particulars on application to the PRINCIPAL. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. THE "BROWN" ANIMAL SANATORY INSTITUTION (Under the Government of the University). Notice is hereby given that, in accordance with the Will of Mr. Brown, a course of Five Lectures will be delivered by the Professor-Superintendent (Prof. T. GREGOR BRODIE, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.S.) in the Physiological Laboratory of the University of London, South Kensington, S. W., on July 9, 11, 13, 16 and 18. at 5 o'clock each afternoon. Subject: "The Secretion of Urine under Normal and under Pathological Conditions." The lectures are free to the public. By Order of the Senate, PERCY M. WALLACE, Secretary to the Senate, University of London. June 20, 1906. Wanted for September next, a Science MASTER-Graduate-with considerable experience in preparing for the Cambridge Local Examinations.-Apply to the HEAD MASTER, Assaying, Metallurgy Mining. GEO. PATCHIN, A.R.S.M. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM. RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP. The Council of the University College, Nottingham, offer a SCHOLAR. SHIP for Scientific Research, tenable for one year, of the value of £50, together with free admission to the College, open to any graduate of a British University. Candidates will be required to give evidence of suitable training and capacity for conducting an original research. The successful candidate will be required to devote himself to some subject of research to be approved by the Senate. Applications to be sent in not later than September 1, 1906, on forms which may be obtained from the REGISTRAR. It is intended to award a similar Scholarship in December. Applications by December 15. MATRICULATION, INTERMEDIATE, FINAL. PREPARATION by CORRESPONDENCE (Residence abroad es impediment) or ORAL TUITION on a THOROUGHLY INDI VIDUAL SYSTEM. Fees based on success. The STAFF includes Graduates of Oxford, Cambridge, London, and Royal Universities, Science Medallists, Prizemen, Scholars, &c. SINGLE SUBJECTS TAKEN: Science, Mathematics, Logic, Psychology, Political Economy, Latin, Greek, French, German, &c. For terms, &c., address Mr. J. CHARLESTON, B.A. (Lond. and Oxon.), Burlington Correspondence College, Clapham Common, London, S. W. THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. The Council is about to appoint to a VULCAN FELLOWSHIP in MECHANICAL and ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, which is open to University Graduates only. Value £120. The detailed conditions of the appointment may be obtained from the REGISTRAR. LECTURES on VESUVIUS, illustrated by a unique series of slides taken during many years' residence, including many of the recent eruption, can be given during the autumn by Dr. JOHNSTON-LAVIS, late Prof. of Vulcanology in the R. Univ. of Naples. Address, Villa Minima, Vittel, Vosges, France. TO SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICAL MASTERS.-Required (1) Mathl. Master with good degree to teach Maths. up to Scholarship standard. Salary, L180, non-res., Public School. (2) Science Master for Secondary School; chief subject, Physics. 150, non-res. 13) Graduate for Mathematics; crickete desired. £100, resident, or £130, non-res.-For particulars of the above, address GRIFFITHS, SMITH, POWELL & SMITH, Tutorial Agents (Estd. 1833), 34 Bedford Street, Strand, London. Many other vacancies for Science, Mathl. and other Masters in important Schools. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY DAY The post of ASSISTANT LECTURER in EDUCATION in this College is vacant by the appointment of R. L. ARCHER, M.A., to the Candidates, who must have takes Professorship of Education at Bangor. an Honours Degree either at Cambridge or Oxford, and must be competent to supervise teaching in school, should apply to the Principal, OAK BROWNING, M.A., King's College, Cambridge, for information as to the Applications will be received details of the work and the remuneration. up to July 31. For other Scholastic Advertisements, see page lxxxiii, and page of Supplement. Applications should be made on the official form, to be obtained from the CLERK OF THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL, Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C., to whom they must be returned not later than 10 a.m. on July 7, 1956. Candidates applying through the post for the form of application should enclose a stamped and addressed envelope. Candidates other than successful candidates, invited to attend the Com. mittee, will be allowed 3rd class return railway fare, but no other expenses. Canvassing for these posts, either directly or indirectly, will be considered ■ disqualification. Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C. G. L. GOMME, Clerk of the London County Council. COUNTY OF LONDON. The London County Council invites applications for appointment to the post of TEACHER of CHEMISTRY in the L.C.C. Paddington Technical Institute. The commencing salary attaching to the post will be £150 per annum, and the successful candid te will be r quired to give lectures and conduct practical classes, day and evening, in Chemistry. Applicants should possess University qualifications and have worked in a good labora tory. Experience in technical work and class teaching is desirable. Applications should be made on the official form to be obtained from the CLERK OF THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL, Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.. to whom they must be returned not later than to a.m. on Tue-day, July 17, 1906, accompanied by copies of three testimonials of recent date. Candidates applying through the post for the form of application should enclose a stamped and addressed envelope. Candida es, other than successful candidates, invited to attend the Committee, will be allowed third-class return railway fare, but no other expenses. Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will be considered a disqualifi It is to be distinctly understood that the appointment gives no claim to pension or indemnity, The Government reserves to itself the right to dismiss the assistant for misconduct or incapacity. In the Government Schools, as in all State Administrations in Egypt, Sunday is a working day. The Schools are closed on Fridays. Leave will be granted on the same terms as to other Government Officials. The possibility of taking leave, and the period of the year at which it is granted, depend upon the exigencies of the service Pay commences from date of arrival in Cairo. On taking up his duties in Cairo, the Assistant will receive one month's pay in lieu of passage money. All applicants should attach a certificate from a legally qualified medical man, stating that in his opinion the candidate would pass as a first-class life for insurance purposes. All applicants should state: Their training and qualifications in Analytical Chemistry, What foreign languages they know, and If they can be in Cairo by October 1. The latest mail by which applications may be posted will leave London on Friday, August 31. Applications to be addressed:-THE DIRECTOR, Government School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS. In view of the extension of Secondary Education in Egypt, applications are invited for new ASSISTANT-MASTERSHIPS in Secondary Schools under the Ministry of Education. Masters to begin work in October, in Cairo or Alexandria, and to teach in English exclusively. Over 400 boys in each School, mainly Mohammedans. In the case of two of the Masters now required, the subject mainly essential is Science (Experimental Physics and Chemistry); six of the new Masters will be principally eng ged in teaching Mathematics; the others will be concerned more particularly with the teaching of English, including History and Geography. Candidates should be not less than 23 nor over 30 years of age, have a robust con. stitution, and have taken a University Degree in Honours. They should have experience as teachers: preference will be given to applicants who hold a Diploma in Teaching. Salary £295 per annum (Eg.24 per mensem), rising to £393 per annum (Eg. 32 per mensem). Allowance for passage out to Egypt. Teaching hours, on an average, four daily, Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than two months. Applications, with full statement of qualifications and accompanied by copies only of testimonials, must be sent in before July 17, 1906, marked outside Assistant-Masterships," and addressed to H. J. BOYD-CARPENTER, Esq., Senior Inspector, Ministry of Education, 19 Woourn Square, London, W.C., to whom candidates may apply for further information. COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. SECONDARY SCHOOLS. The West Riding Education Committee will require in September the services of: ONE ASSISTANT MASTER to teach English Subjects, French and Geography. Salary, 140 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach English Subjects, Singing, Needlework and Drill. Salary. £100 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach Mathematics and Latin. Salary, £120 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach English Composition, History and Physical Exercises or Class Singing. Salary, £100 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach Junior and Kindergarten Subjects. Salary, 100 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach English, Class Singing and Drawing. Salary, 100 per annun. Applications for these posts must be made on forms to be obtained from the Education Department (Secondary), County Hall, Wakefield, where they must be returned not later than Monday, July 16, 1906. Copies of not more than three recent testimonials must be sent with the application. Canvassing will be a disqualification. COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. HIGHER EDUCATION. The West Riding Education Committee require the services of an ORGANISING MASTER, qualified in Science and Mathematics, for the purpose of taking Courses of Instruction for groups of Elementary Teachers (Uncertificated and Supplementary), and of undertaking some teaching in Secondary Schools. Salary, £200 per annum. Applications must be made on Forms to be obtained from the Education Department (Secondary), County Hall, Wakefield, where they must be returned not later than July 18, 1906. Copies of not more than three recent testimonials must be sent with the application. Canvassing will be a disqualification. HARTLEY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Principal SOUTHAMPTON. S. W. RICHARDSON, D.Sc. (Lond.). The Council invite applications for the appointment of ASSISTANT LECTURER in PHYSICS. Salary, 150, rising to £200 per Annum. Particulars and conditions of the appointment may be obtained on application to the REGISTRAR. Applications, giving particulars of age, training, qualification, and experience, with three copies of recent testimonials, must be sent to the PRINCIPAL on or before July 12, 1906. D. KIDDLE, Registrar. TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF SUNDERLAND. CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT. The Governors invite applications for the post of ASSISTANT LECTURER and DEMONSTRATOR in CHEMISTRY. The appointment will date from September 16, 1906; the salary will be at the rate of £120 per annum, rising by yearly increments of £10 to £150. Further particulars may be obtained from the SECRETARY, to whom applications for the appointment should be sent not later than August 6. T. W. BRYERS, Secretary. Education Offices, Sunderland. For other Scholastic Advertisements, see page lxxxii, and page ii of Supplement. SMALLER SIZE, "THE STUDENTS," designed for Schools for demonstration work, and small private Observatories; bore 25; reading to '01 Inch and 1 millimetre. £3 7s. 6d. Sole Manufacturers and Proprietors of the Regd. Design PASTORELLI & RAPKIN, Ltd., 46 HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C. ACTUAL MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF METEOROLOCICAL INSTRUMENTS. Contractors to H M. Government. Estd. 150 years. Telegrams: "Rapkin, London." Nat. Tel.: 1981 Holborn. N. B. If any difficulty in securing our Instruments through your Dealer, kindly communicate with us. ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST POST FREE. SUN-DIALS Form most interesting TERRA-COTTA for Sun-dial, 3-ft. 7-in. high, 12-in. Brass Dial, THURSDAY, JULY 5. 1906. SOME RECENT PHILOSOPHY. (1) The World's Desires, or The Results of Monism. By Edgar A. Ashcroft. Pp. xii+ 440. (London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Ltd., 1905.) Price tos. 6d. net. (2) The Scientific Temper in Religion, and Other Addresses. By the Rev. P. N. Waggett. Pp. xii+286. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905.) Price 4s. 6d. net. (3) The Reconstruction of Belief. By W. H. Mallock. Pp. xii+314. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1005.) Price 128. net. (4) The Linit of Strife. By E. K. Garrod. (1, Pp. 194 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905.) Price 3s. 6d. net. THE HE first of these volumes need not detain us. The work is dedicated, by permission, to Prof. Haeckel, and Mr. Ashcroft emulates his master in the range and discursiveness of his work. One would have thought that the "Riddle of the Universe" had settled, at least for a modern monist or realist, the majority of the topics here discussed unless, indeed, the presence of two books in many ways so similar is a part of the riddle to which it is desirable to direct attention. We note that Mr. Ashcroft is able to tell us that "the system of Plato displays few living qualities." (2) Mr. Waggett's work is one of the very best of its type, viz. of the books that seek to reconcile rengion and science. The author's chief characteristics are his boldness and his anxiety that there should be no nervousness or hysteria among the religiousminded when their faith is confronted by the facts of science. "We ought to be positively alarmed at any appearance of unbroken agreement between religion and science." "There is not in the Bible ever any contrast between reason and faith. . . . In point of fact, faith is a kind of knowledge, and not only so, but it is the model and type of all sure knowledge." There is no theological interest, Mr. Waggett maintains, in weakening any particular theory about the physical world. In regard to the gulf between the organic and the inorganic-the classical treatment of which is a famous chapter in "Natural Law in the Spiritual World "-Mr. Waggett has already made Terms even with Mr. Burke's radium experiments on sterilised bouillon, experiments on which, at the same time, he passes some acute criticisms. Our faith would not be shaken if the gulf which lies for thought between organic and inorganic matter were for thought to be bridged; for it has never rested upon this or any other interval." Mr. Waggett is suggestive, too, in dealing with the problem of freedom, pointing out that without freedom there can be no error and no knowledge. (3) A small part of Mr. Mallock's work was dealt with in the "Notes" columns of this journal when it appeared in the pages of the Fortnightly Review. Both the clerical and the philosophical attack on the negative conclusions of science have failed, Mr. Mallock declares. On the other hand, current science has no influence on practical life, and all that is best in modern civilisation is to be traced to the three beliefs of theism, viz. the belief in human freedom, in God, and in human immortality. But if the principles of science be only carried to their logical conclusion, it is clear that everything that now happens must have been pre-arranged in all previous molecular conditions of things, and that this prearrangement is due to mind and purpose. The last part of the work deals not unsuccessfully with the difficulties generally urged against a belief in the goodness of the Deity, and the author concludes his suggestive volume with forecasting the difficulties which Christianity has still to face-most of all, the difficulty of competing with a new religious eclecticism. Mr. Mallock is to be congratulated on a work which will undoubtedly add to his reputation. (4) The strife of which the title of this work speaks is the struggle for existence. The title is the one ambiguity, perhaps the one defect, of what is, on the whole, a very clear and suggestive book. Its writer is concerned mainly with the problem that in man as compared with the lower creation "the quality of fitness to survive has in some way become modified"; "an agency has come into play which had not asserted itself on the same lines in the struggle for life before the appearance of man." What are the modification and the agency referred to? The answer seems to be that in man most clearly of all living things the unit in the struggle is not the individual, but the community, gradually expanding from the family to the tribe, the nation, the empire, and that in close correspondence with this development and expansion there has gone the increasing recognition of law and of some higher power, which is the kernel of all religion. But this brief analysis almost does injustice to the closeness of the argument and the excellence of the illustrations by which the argument is enforced. The scientific analogies are not overdrawn-the great defect of some similar works-not even in one amusing passage where the author compares the walls of Babylon to the external defences of the crustacean, and points out that at a more advanced stage of development protection is given rather by moving masses acting on the offensive, just as for the most part the vertebrate organisms have abandoned the methods of the crustaceans and of insects protected by a horn-like covering. One statement on p. 90 appears somewhat inexact. The author, showing how an ideal may lose the power of expansion by being enclosed and casehardened, writes thus:-" Thus to the Israelite, while they retained their lofty monotheistic conception, Jehovah became the Deity exclusively of their own race. He was the Lord of Hosts who warred always on their side against their enemies." On the whole it seems wise to distinguish some things which are here confused, the henotheism (as it is called) of the earlier period of Jewish history which regarded Jehovah only as one among many Gods, the one who fought on the side of the Israelites, and who ought to be worshipped by them; and, contrasted with it, the later and truly monotheistic ideal of the prophets, which emphasised the solity of Jehovah. It would, at any rate, be difficult to harmonise our author's account with any of the accepted readings of Jewish history, traditional or critical. Part of the page ought probably to be re-written. TIDES AND WAVES. A Practical Manual of Tides and Waves. By W. H. THE Copernicus to that of Sir George Darwin and Mr. Moxly. Next come descriptions in popular language of "the making of the tides," the "propagation of the tidal wave," and the mean level of the sea and range of the tides. All these subjects are illustrated by facts and figures drawn from actual observations. The effect of wind and atmospheric pressure on the tides is considered at some length, as a matter of considerable importance to engineers. Mr. Wheeler has endeavoured to formulate a rule as to variations to be expected with a given force of wind and height of tide; and considers that roughly "the effect of a moderate gale is to raise or lower the tide according to its direction as many inches as it would rise in feet under normal conditions." He gives some striking instances of abnormal tides due to gales of long continuance, the heights attained in some cases exceeding the tide-table heights by six to eight feet. In December, 1904, for example, at Grimsby, the morning tide was raised nearly seven feet, and at Hull, awell as on the Thames, about five feet above normal level by a heavy gale from the north-west. An investigation is also made of the recorded observations of variations in tides accompanying variations in atmospheric pressure, and the conclusion is reached that "it is not possible to lay down any general law applying to all parts of tidal waters." Mr. Wheeler considers that "although variation in pressure may be a primary cause of the alteration in the height of tides... yet the wind is a safer and more read guide for the immediate purpose of navigation."* engineer, whose practice has been largely concerned with works on the sea coast and tidal rivers. The practical side of the subject treated has consequently required and received from him long and close study; his intention in this volume has been "to give as practical an account as possible, free from all mathematical demonstration, of the action of the sun and moon in producing the tides and of the physical causes by which the tides are affected after their generation, and of their propagation throughout the tidal waters of the earth." To these subjects the principal portion of the work is devoted; in a comparatively short section the author deals also with wave phenomena, in a manner likely to be useful to practising engineers, and not lacking in interest to a much wider circle of readers. Mr. Wheeler has given much time and thought to the production of the work, and the bibliography of his subjects (contained in an appendix) indicates a wide range of reading. In the text itself a great mass of useful information and data is summarised; this is supplemented by several valuable appendices giving results of tidal and wave observations as well as formulæ of use in engineering practice. A good index makes reference easy to the principal features of the book, and adds much to its value to readers for whom it has been chiefly designed. In one particular the scheme of the author is open to criticism: he has aimed at making "the subjects dealt with in the separate chapters complete," and this has involved some repetition of statement. Probably the explanation is that in some cases papers prepared for separate publication have been embodied in the book; but although the repetition (as the author says) may have "been avoided as much as possible," his scheme for completeness in individual chapters necessarily involves it, and in a book such as this is the result is not altogether satisfactory. This is a small drawing as the channel is approached, or a sand bar over back, however, to a work of considerable merit that will undoubtedly be welcomed by the engineering profession as a book of reference bringing together within small compass a great mass of useful information drawn from widely-scattered sources. A historical sketch of the development of tidal science is first given ranging from the work of The chapter dealing with "River Tides " is one of the most interesting in the book, and from the nature of the case is chiefly based on actual observations. Mr. Wheeler traces the progress of the ocean tidal wave up a river channel, and shows how the distance to which the wave action reaches depends on the condition of the channel and the depth of the low-water stream. He describes the "ponding back" of the current in the river by the advance of the tidal wave, and demonstrates the necessity for the duration of the flood tide in rivers being less than that of the ebb. The phenomena of "double flow" are explained, and a distinction made between the propagation of a tidal wave up a river and the tidal current. These movements of river water are accompanied by transport of material carried in suspension, and from the engineering side this is a question of great importance which Mr. Wheeler discusses fully Closely related to tidal currents are tidal "bores." which occur in certain rivers. These are very fully described by the author, who summarises the cond tions necessary for the full development of a bore is follows:-A considerable rise of tide, a converging channel with a rising bed, the depth of water decreas Under which there is not sufficient depth of water to admit |