DENTAL AND MEDICAL OFFICERS. Consulting Physician-Sir Richard Douglas Powell, Bart., M.D., F. R.C.P. Consulting Surgeon-Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., G.C.V.O., C. B., LL.D. Consulting Dental Surgeons-T. Arnold Rogers, M.R.CS., L.D.S.; Morton Smale, M.R.C.S., L.D.S.; C. S. Tomes, M.A., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer of the School-H. Lloyd Williams. Dental Surgeons-J. F. Colyer, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., L.D.S.; C. F. Rilot, House Anæsthetists-John MacCormac, L.R.C.P. and S. Edin., L.F.P. and S. Glas.; T. Graham Scott, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. LECTURERS. Dental Anatomy-A. Hopewell-Smith, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., L.D.S. Mechanical Dentistry-W. J. May, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., L.D.S. Materia Medica-H. Austen, M.D., B.S. Lond., L.D.S. Five House Surgeons are appointed every six months. Six Operative and three Mechanical Demonstrators assist Students in their practical work. The Royal Dental Hospital was founded in 1858 in Soho Square, and in March, 1874, was removed to Leicester Square. The increased demands made on it by the public and the rapid growth of the Medical School necessitated the erection of an entirely new building. The new Hospital was opened in March, 1901, and is complete in every detail with modern appliances, and the School portion of the building thoroughly equipped for teaching purposes. The clinic of the Hospital is unrivalled. In 1905, 98,588 operations were performed. SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES. The ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP, of the value of £20, awarded in October. Subjects: Chemistry and Dental Mechanics. The SAUNDERS SCHOLARSHIP, of the value of £20, awarded to the Students obtaining the highest aggregate number of marks in the various class examinations. The STORER BENNETT RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP, of the value of £50, awarded once in three years, and open to students who have obtained their qualification within six years of the award. The ROBERT WOODHOUSE PRIZE, of the value of £10, for Practical Dental Surgery. CLASS PRIZES are awarded by the various Lecturers. INSTRUCTION IN MECHANICAL DENTISTRY. The instruction in Mechanical Dentistry as required for the Dental Curriculum can be obtained at this Hospital. After passing through a Preliminary Course, students are required to make and adapt dentures to the mouth, under the guidance of the Medical Staff. THE LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. The Library is always open for reading, and books can be obtained from the Sub-librarian for purposes of study. The Museum has been carefully arranged with a view of illustrating in detail the various text-books recommended by the authorities. FEES. For the two years' Hospital Practice and Lectures as required by the Royal College of Surgeons of England the fee is £53 38. in one instalment, or £55 135. in two yearly instalments. Students are required to join the Students' Club, the fee for which is £33s. For a Single Course of Lectures in any subject the fee is £5 5s. The fee for the complete curriculum, namely the Instruction in Mechanical Dentistry and two years' Hospital Practice and Lectures, is £150 if paid in one instalment, or 150 guineas if paid in three yearly instalments of 50 guineas. For one year's instruction in Mechanical Dentistry the fee is 50 guineas. For one year's Hospital Practice, £21. The necessary course of two years at a General Hospital can be taken simultaneously with that at the Royal Dental Hospital. The fees for the former vary at the different hospitals, being usually about £60. Further particulars can be obtained on application to THE DEAN. Botany Zoology... MA. H. WHEN, Ph.D., B A.. B.Sc. ALBERT GRIFFITHS, D.Sc. D. OWEN, B.A., B.Sc. B. W CLACK, B.Sc. JE. H. SMART, M.A. 1C. V. COATES, M.A. V. H. BLACKMan, M A. H. W. UNTHANK, B.A., B.Sc. Geology & Mineralogy J. W. EVANS, D.Sc. Assaying, Metallurgy & Mining. GEO. PATCHIN, A.R.S.M. RESEARCH in Chemistry and Physics in well-equipped laboratories French, German, Spanish, and Italian Classes. EVENING CLASSES in Biology, Physiology, Practical Geomers. Building and Machine Construction, Theoretical Mechanics, Applied Mechanics and Mechanism, Land and Quantity Surveying. Calendar 3d. (post free 5d.), on application to the SECRETARY. CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE. ACTING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. WHITE ST., and ROPEMAKER ST., MOORFIELDS, E.C. (Near Moorgate and Liverpool Street Stations.) PRINCIPAL: SIDNEY HUMPHRIES, B.A., LL.B. (Cantab.) Michaelmas Term begins Monday, October 131, EVENING CLASSES in ALL BRANCHES of SCIENCE. Well-equipped LABORATORIES for Practical Work in CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, BOTANY, GEOLOGY, and all branches of PHYSICS. Special Courses for London University Matric., Inter., and Final PA B.Sc., Conjoint Board, Pharmaceutical and other examinations. Class are also held in all Commercial Subjects, in Languages, Literature and Art All Classes are open to both sexes. SATURDAY COURSES for Matric., Inter., and Final B.A., B.Sc DAY COMMERCIAL and HIGHER COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS Prospectuses, and all other information, gratis on application. DAVID SAVAGE, Secretary. LONDON MATRICULATION. MORNING, AFTERNOON, and EVENING CLASSES for the MATRICULATION EXAMINATION of LONDON UNIVERSITY commence on MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, at UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL COLLEGE. Other Classes commence as follows:-Prelim. Sci. (M.B), Mon., Sept. 17: Inter. Science and Arts, B.Sc., and B.A., Mon., Oct. 1, 1906. N.B.-Annually for the last Seven Years, about 300 Students of University Tutorial College have passed London University Examinations. Prospectus may be had post free from the VICE-PRINCIPAL, University Tutorial College, 32 Red Lion Square, Holton, W.C. THE SIR JOHN CASS TECHNICAL INSTITUTE. Principal JEWRY STREET, ALDGATE, E C. CHARLES A. KEANE, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.C EVENING CLASSES IN METALLURGY. Lecturer in Metallurgy... C. O. BANNISTER, Assoc RSM. Assistant Lecturer and Demon- (JW. LAMBERT, Assoc lust.C.E., strator ... Chief Metallurgist, Royal Gua Factory, Woolwich Arsenal. Elementary, Intermediate and Advanced Metallurgy, forming a graded three years' curriculum. Special courses on Assaying. Metallography, including Pyrometry. The Metallurgy of Gold and Silver. The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. The courses are suited to the requirements of those engaged in Metallurgical Industries, Assay Laboratories, and to those intending to take up Metallurgical work in the Colonies. The Laboratories are open to students in the afternoons for practical wri NEW SESSION begins MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24. For details of the Classes apply at the Office of the Institute, a Ing letter to the PRINCIPAL. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) WINTER SESSION 1906-7 begins on TUESDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1906. University College Hospital Medical School comprises the Departments of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Midwifery and Gynaecology, Pathology and Morbid Anatomy and Clinical Pathology, Bacteriology, Mental Physiology and Mental Diseases, Dental Surgery, Practical Pharmacy, and other departments for the study of Special Diseases, such as those of the Eye, Skin, Ear and Throat, and for instruction in the use of Anaesthetics, and in Electro-therapeutics and the application of the X-Rays. ENTRANCE. A student may enter the School as soon as he has passed the University of London Matriculation Examination or one of the other Preliminary Examinations that qualify a Medical Student for entering a Medical School. In this case he will pursue his Preliminary and Intermediate Studies at University College, and when those are completed will carry on his advanced Medical Studies at University College Hospital Medical School. The student who, in addition to having passed a Matriculation or other examination, has completed his Preliminary and Intermediate Medical Studies at University College or elsewhere. may enter the University College Hospital Medical School for his advanced Medical Studies only. Qualified Medical men and others who can produce evidence of sufficient qualifications may be admitted to Special Departments for the purposes of research or to Hospital Practice for certain definite periods. FEES. The Preliminary Scientific course at University College, 25 guineas. Final M.B. course at University College Hospital Medical School, Ɛo guineas if paid in one sum, or 82 guineas paid in two instalments of 50 and 34 guineas. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL has, through the munificence of the late Sir John Blundell Maple, Bart., been rebuilt and extended in accordance with the requirements of modern sanitary science. The new Hospital will accommodate 300 patients, and possesses extensive out-patient and Special Departments. Thirty-six clinical appointments, eighteen of which are resident, are filled up by competition during the year, and these, as well as all Clerkships and Dresserships, are open to students of the Hospital without extra fee. The Hospital is now complete, and will be formally opened by H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught on November 6. NEW BUILDINGS FOR THE MEDICAL SCHOOL are being erected by means of the munificence of Sir Donald Currie, immediately opposite the Hospital, and will be ready for occupation shortly. Provision will be made in them both for the work of the Undergraduate Student and for that of the Post-graduate and Research Student. Medicine Clinical Medicine Surgery Clinical Surgery Midwifery Pathology Medical Jurisprudence Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery PROFESSORS J. R. BRADFORD, M.D., F.R.S. SIR THOMAS BARLOW, Bart., K.C V.O., M.D. J. R. BRADFORD, M.D., F.R.S. R. J. GODLEE, M.B., M.S., F.R.C.S. Scholarships and Exhibitions of the value of £400 are offered for competition annually. The Athletic ground is at Acton, within easy access of the Hospital. Prospectus, with all information as to Classes, Scholarships, &c., may be obtained from the DEAN, University College Hospital Medical School (Gower Street, W.C.). SIDNEY MARTIN, M.D., F.R.S., Dean. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Provost T. GREGORY FOSTER, Ph.D. STATISTICAL LABORATORY (assisted by a Grant from the Worshipful Company of Drapers). The Laboratory is open from 9.30 to 5.30 daily, and provides a complete course of training, not only in the theory, but practice of statistics. Instruction is given in the exhibition, calculation (mechanical and arithmetical), and use of statistical quantities. Advanced students will be assisted in Research work suited to their stage of progress. The Laboratory possesses a large collection of statistical models and diagrams, and of mechanical integraters and calculators. Lectures, £6 6s. per Session; practical work, 6 6s. Research students, 62 25. per term Professor Karl Pearson, F.R.S., will meet intending students on Tuesday, October 2, between 10 a.m. and i p.m. For further particulars apply to the SECRETARY, University College, Gower Street, W.C. THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS. FACULTIES OF ARTS (including COMMERCE and LAW), SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY. The next SESSION will begin on OCTOBER 1. Prospectus of any Faculty may be had, post free, from the REGISTRAR. Lyddon Hall has been licensed for the residence of students. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. BROAD SANCTUARY, S.W. The WINTER SESSION of the Medical School will commence on OCTOBER 1. The Hospital is most conveniently situated, being immediately opposite Westminster Abbey. ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS to the value of £320 will be competed for on September 24 to 26. FEES. For the London University curriculum, 140 guineas. For the curriculum of the Conjoint Examining Board, 120 guineas. The Hospital is fully equipped with every modern requirement, including a recently built clinical laboratory. There are unrivalled opportunities for CLINICAL WORK, and great facilities for obtaining RESIDENT APPOINTMENTS, the Resident Medical Officers being appointed by competitive examination. Under a scheme for the teaching of the Preliminary and Intermediate subjects of the medical course recently made with the Science department of King's College, all the subjects of the curriculum in its Preliminary, Intermediate, and Final branches are now taught by specialists in their own department. A prospectus and full particulars may be obtained by application to THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL. FACULTY OF MEDICINE. The WINTER SESSION commences on TUESDAY, OCTOBER 2. Complete courses are provided for degrees in Medicine, Surgery, and Dental Surgery, and for Diplomas in Dental Surgery, Public Health, Tropical Medicine, Veterinary Hygiene, Anatomy, Bacteriology, BioChemistry, and Pharmacy. The CLINICAL SCHOOL consists of four General Hospitals-the Royal Infirmary, the Royal Southern Hospital, the David Lewis Northern Hospital, and the Stanley Hospital; and of five Special Hospitals-the Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Hospital for Women, the Infirmary for Children, St. Paul's Eye and Ear Hospital, and St. George's Hospital for Skin Diseases. These Hospitals contain in all a total of 1127 beds. The organisation of these Hospitals to form one teaching institution provides the Medical Student and the Medical Practitioner with a field for clinical education and study which is unrivalled in extent in the United Kingdom. Prospectuses containing full information may be obtained on application to the REGISTRAR. BENJAMIN MOORE, M.A., D.Sc., Dean. ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, ALBERT EMBANKMENT, S.E. The WINTER SESSION will commence on OCTOBER 3. The Hospital occupies one of the finest sites in London, and contains 603 beds. Entrance and other Scholarships and Prizes (26 in number), of the value of more than £500, are offered for competition each year. Upwards of 60 Resident and other Appointments are open to Students after qualification. A Students' Club orms part of the Medical School Buildings, and the Athletic Ground, nine acres in extent, situated at Chiswick, can be reached in forty minutes from the Hospital. A Prospectus, containing full particulars, may be obtained from the Secretary, Mr. G. Q. Roberts. J. H. FISHER, B.S. Lond., Dean. PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION (UNIVERSITY LONDON). A Systematic Course of Instruction, including Practical Work, is given at St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, Albert Embankment. Full particulars may be obtained from the DEAN. Attendance on this Course counts as part of the five years' curriculum. (UNDER THE AUSPICES OF HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT.) THE LONDON SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE. (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) CONNAUGHT ROAD, ROYAL ALBERT DOCK, E. (IN CONNECTION WITH THE HOSPITALS OF THE SEAMEN'S HOSPITAL SOCIETY.) The next SESSION commences on MONDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1906. For Prospectus, Syllabus and other particulars apply to the Secretary, P. MICHELLI, Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich, S. E. C. CRIFFIN & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. SUN-DIALS FOR FIXING ON HOUSES, CHURCHES, &c. 8s. 6d. net. A HANDBOOK ON PETROLEUM By Capt. J. H. THOMSON and Sir BOVERTON REDWOOD. "Reliable, indispensable, a brilliant contribution."-Petroleum. JUST OUT. In Crown 8vo. Illustrated. 2s. 6d. net. THE LABORATORY BOOK OF MINERAL OIL TESTING. By J. A. HICKS, CHEMIST TO SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD. London: CHAS. GRIFFIN & CO., Ltd., Exeter Street, Strand. KNOWLEDGE says: "Their workmanship, pattern, and design are alike unexceptionable." Illustrated Descriptive List, covering various patterns, post free. NEWTON & CO., Opticians to H.M. The King. H.R.H T Prince of Wales, and the tiverament 3 FLEET STREET, LONDON. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1906. THE PHENOMENON OF "DEAD-WATER." The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-6. Scientific Results. Vol. v. On Dead Water. By V. Walfrid Ekman. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906.) Price 20s. net. ON August 29, 1893, the Fram was steaming in they are much more frequently seen in sailing vessels neces smooth and open water between the isle of Taimur and Almquist Islands; towards evening she approached thick ice in order to make fast to it. A very slight current was observed as she neared the ice, but the vessel made extremely slow progress, and the speed was reduced to 1 or 1 knots, although the engines were working at full power, which would have given a speed of 4 to 5 knots in ordinary circumstances. Nansen's journal attributed this singular behaviour to the Fram having "got into dead-water"—a condition which has been frequently met with by ships navigating the Norwegian fiords, and occasionally encountered elsewhere. Nansen consulted Prof. Bjerknes (in 1898) on the subject, and that gentleman suggested the explanation that "in the case of a layer of fresh water resting on the top of salt water, a ship will not only produce the ordinary the boundary between the air and the water, but will also generate invisible waves in the boundary between salt water and fresh water; . . . the great resistance experienced by the ship being due to the work done in generating these invisible waves." After some discussion between Nansen and Bjerknes it was decided to make a rigorous experimental investigation; the work was entrusted to Dr. Ekman (assistant in the Central Laboratory for the International Study of the Sea at Christiania). Its history and results are recorded in the remarkable memoir under review, which occupies the greater part of the volume in which it appears, and forms an important it m in the scientific results of the North Polar Ex-trative diagrams appended to the memoir are valuable pedition. ways at Dr. Ekman's memoir must be closely studied before its full merits can be appreciated. It contains an excellent summary of the present state of knowledge in regard to the resistance offered by water to the motions of ships, and deals in great detail with the wave-phenomena attending these motions through homogeneous fluids and through layers of different densities. The mathematical and experimental works of Scott Russell, W. Froude, Stokes, and Lamb are laid under contribution, and it is demonstrated that Prof. Bjerknes's suggestion furnishes a reasonable explanation of the phenomena of "dead-water." A great body of testimony regarding these phenomena is brought together from logs, journals, and letters of experienced seamen, who confirm the observation made by Nansen in the Fram, viz. that ships encountering a layer of fresh water or brackish water superposed on sea water of greater density do experience greatly increased resistance, lose in speed, and not infrequently become unhandy, not answering their helm. These results obtain when vessels are moving at very low speeds before they "get into dead-water "; of the full size One cannot speak too highly of the extreme ingenuity and care bestowed by Dr. Ekman on these experiments, their numerical and photographic records, and the detailed analysis of results. The illus and suggestive, and the broad conclusions reached command acceptance. A singularly close agreement is reached between the experimental results obtained with models and the observations made by Nansen in the Fram. The enormously increased resistance and loss of speed are shown to be fully accounted for by the energy expended in forming an invisible wave series at the boundary of fresh and sea water. This would hardly appear probable at a first glance. Supposing the speed of the Fram to have been diminished from 4 to 1 knots, the resistance at the lower speed in dead-water must have been about nine times as great as that when the Fram moved at the same speed in sea water of considerable depth. In the latter circumstances it is well known that nearly the whole resistance would be accounted for by friction of water against the bottom, and a very small part by wave making, as there would be little surface disturbance at so low a speed. These considerations mal:e the results obtained by Dr. Ekman the more remarkable, and it is worth notice that even when a ship is "in dead-water" the disturbance of the upper surface may be very small, although that at the boundary between fresh and sea water may produce a large established by variation and heredity acting under proportionate increase in resistance. There are many other matters of interest that cannot be mentioned in the space available. The parallel drawn between resistance in shallow water and in layers of different densities is most suggestive. The determination of the critical speeds at which the influence of dead-water rapidly diminishes or disappears and the accompanying changes in the wave-phenomena are of great interest. On the whole Dr. Ekman is to be congratulated on his work on an obscure problem that has puzzled many persons; Prof. Bjerknes on his prescience in suggesting the solution and his selection of so capable an investigator; and Dr. Nansen on having decided to get to the bottom of the phenomena of "dead-water." It may be hoped that the subject will not be overlooked by other investigators possessing facilities for experiments on a larger scale. W. H. WHITE. SEGREGATION AS A FACTOR IN EVOLUTION. Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal. By Rev. John T. Gulick. Pp. xii+269; three plates. (Washington Carnegie Institution, 1905.) MORE than fifty years ago Mr. Gulick collected snails on the island of Oahu, and was impressed and puzzled by the fact that each valley seemed to be inhabited by peculiar forms. " Valleys only a mile apart were occupied by distinct varieties, and often by distinct species." The more facts he accumulated the more puzzling did they appear, and a perusal of the "Origin of Species " left his riddle unread. In many cases of divergence diversity of sexual selection cannot be the cause; in the case of snails this hardly requires proof. In many of the same cases diversity of natural selection cannot be the cause, because in many cases the divergence is not in proportion to the degree of environmental difference, because the divergence is sometimes non-utilitarian, and for other reasons. Gradually Mr. Gulick was led to the position, with which his name is honourably and familiarly associated, that isolation itself, by preventing all chance of crossing with the original stock, may open the way for new habits, for new forms of selection, and, in short, for new species. He believes that no process of natural selection, or of sexual selection, or of any other form of selection, can transform one species into two or more species without the prevention of free crossing between the branches that are thus transformed. "Isolation is an essential factor in the production and maintenance of divergent types.' Segregation in particular, i.e., the intergeneration of like with like, with the prevention of crossing between unlike groups, is one of the fundamental factors in the formation, continuance, and control of divergent types. To substantiate and develop this thesis is the aim of the present bulky volume, the full title of which should read, he tells us, "Habitudinal and Racial Segregation; or the origin and intensification of organic types, guided by innovation and tradition acting under segregate association, and segregate intergeneration"! Mr. Gulick distinguishes racial (or aptitudina » segregation, produced by the intergeneration of individuals with like innate characters, from social cor habitudinal) segregation produced by the association of individuals with like acquired characters, but these two "spheres of evolution" interact. Hereditariis similar forms draw together, and we have "racit segregation"; modificationally similar forms dra together and we have "habitudinal segregation. ' Each of these is "controlled by two principles " The former is controlled by racial demarcation throug isolation, and racial intensification through survival (in its two forms, selection and indiscriminate elimination). The latter is controlled by habitudinal demarcation through partition, and habitudinal intensification through success (in its two forms, election and indiscriminate failure). "We have, therefore, four main principles cooperating in the production of segregate types, namely, partition, success, isolation, and survival." All this sounds very "wordy," but it nec hardly be said that the author illustrates his ne distinctions by concrete instances. And, after all, the terms are of less importance than the analysis of the modes of segregation which they express. Partition (P), acting on acquired characters, preduces habitudinal demarcation with initial habitudinal segregation; election (E), acting on acquired char acters, produces intensified habitudinal segregation. isolation (I), acting on inherited characters, produces racial demarcation with initial racial segregation; selection (S), acting on inherited characters, produces intensified racial segregation; but we must refer the reader to the book to see what is produced when P and E, I and S, P and I, E and S, respectively work together. The interaction of the principles of segregation is illustrated, inter alia, by the Tarpon Island cats, quoted from the New Orleans Times-Democrat which wade freely off the beach, and even swim out to the oyster boats. Moreover, as to P, E, I, and S, each has its reflexn mode, produced by the action of the members of the species upon each other, and its environal mode, determined by the relations between the environment and the species; also its regressive aspects, caused by the cessation or reversal of the influence that has been ruling; and its indiscriminate aspects. There may be conjunctional P, E, I, and S; sexual forms of S, E and I; social forms of P, E, I, and S. Moreover under the environal mode of each principle, the rela tions between the group and its environment may be determined by conditions within the group (endonomi“ P, E, I, or S), or they may be determined chiefly by conditions lying outside of the group (heteronomi P, E, I, or S), Eleven forms of P, eleven forms of E. fifteen forms of I, and twenty forms of S are duly distinguished and defined, and we begin to feel that the grammar of evolution is not easy. Altogether twenty-one forms of segregation are found in natural species, and to these must be added institutional segregation and eight forms of intensive segregation found to occur in man. |