JENA LABORATORY GLASSWARE. & OTT GEN. VEN MARBLE REDUCED BOILING FLASKS, BEAKERS, RETORTS, TEST TUBES, TUBING 10 MINUTES FOR EXPLOSION FURNACES, COMPOUND TUBING (D.R.P.) Resisting in a high degree sudden changes of temperature and the action of corrosive chemicals. Burner, Body of present, '" and g" and the prices Furnace, and are- Burners only, 1/6 and 2/6; Combustion Tubing for ElemenHood are all dis. complete with Furnace, 4/6 and Price-list sent free TRADB MARK. tary Analysis. (PP free) tinctly stamped 6 on application. in the metal The consumption of gas is the SCHOTT & GEN. Glassworks, Jena (GERMANY). “ BREWSTER, same as with an ordinary Bunsen, SMITH & Co., but the heat derived' is three The Jena Glasses are, in the U.K., on sale with the following firms : LONDON." times as great, and a number of Aberdeen. Manchester. Beware of imita. interesting experiments can be A. & J. SMITH, 23 and 25 St. JAMES WOOLLEY, SONS & tions that do not performed wiih them, which Nicholas Street Co., Ltd., Victoria Bridge. contain the essen. have only been possible before Birmingham. Newcastle upon Tyne, tial feature of this with very expensive furnaces. F. E. BECKER & CO. (W. and BRADY & MARTIN, Ltd. burner's success. We are the SOLE MAKERS. J. George, Ltd., Successors), 159 London. 1 Nature says :-"The combination of furnace and burner is very and 160 Great Charles Street. BAIRD & TATLOCK (London PHILIP HARRIS & Co., Ltd., convenient. These little furnaces are not only useful for reducing calcium Ltd., 14 Cruss Street, Hatton Edmund Street. carbonate to lime, but also work very wellin fusion experiments. Garden, E.C. F. E. BECKER & CO. (W. and J. BREWSTER, SMITH & Co., PHILIP HARRIS & Co., Ltd., George, Ltd., Successcrs), 33 10 37 179 Great Brunswick Street. 6 CROSS ST., FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON. Hatton Wall, Hatton Garden, E.C. 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THE LIFE OF By JOHN MORLEY, M.P. THE LIFE & EXPERIENCES OF Sir Henry Roscoe, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Written by Himself, With Photogravure Portraits and other Illustrations. Svo. ADONIS, ATTIS, OSIRIS. , Studies in the History of Oriental Religion. By J. G. FRAZER, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Author of "The Golden Bough." 8vo. I2s. net. IOS. net. TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. By Rev. J. B. LOCK, M.A., and 25. 60. THIRD EDITION, REVISED, NOW READY. THE COAL QUESTION. An Inquiry concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Protuble IOS. net. IS. Exhaustion of our Coal-mines. By the late W. STANLEY JEVONS, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Third Edition, revised and Edited by A. W. FLUX, M.A. 8vo. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL MECHANICS & PHYSICS. A Preliminary Science Course for Artisans in Evening Schools. By A. H. MACKENZIE, M.A., B.Sc., A.R.C. SC. Head of the Physics Department, Cockburn High School, Leeds. Crown 8vo. A SYSTEM OF APPLIED OPTICS. BEING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF FORMULE OF THE SECOND ORDER, AND THE FOUNDATION OF A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF THE THIRD ORDER, WITH EXAMPLES OF THEIR PRACTICAL UPLICATION. By H. DENNIS TAYLOR, Optical Manager to T. Cooke and Sons, Ltd., of London, York, and Cape Town 4to. 30s. net. OUTLINES OF THE EVOLUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND THE METRIC SYSTEM. By WILLIAM HALLOCK, Ph.D., Professor of Physics in Columbia University in the City of New York, and HERBERT T. WADE, Editor for Physics and Applied Science, "The New International Encyclopædia.” 8vo. THIRD EDITION. Entirely Re-written and Enlarged. IOS. net. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. By Dr. J. LEWKOWITSCH, M.A., F.I.C., &c., Consulting and Analytical Chem ist and Chemical Engineer ; Examiner in Soup Manufacture and in Fats and Oils, including Candle Manufacture, to the City and Guilds of London Institute. With 88 Illustrations and numerous Tables. In Two Volumes. Medium Sv). Gilt tops. 365. det. NATURE. 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(Illustrated.) By E. T. Bucknell. MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., LONDON. SCIENTIFIC WORTHIE S. The following is a list of the Steel Portraits that have appeared in the above Series :MICHAEL FARADAY. SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER. DMITRI IVANOWITSH MEN. DELÉEF. LOUIS PASTEUR. J. LOUIS R. AGASSIZ. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE. LORD LISTER. STANISLAO. CANNIZZARO. ROBERT WILHELM BUNSEN. WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE. PROF. VON KOLLIKER. PROF. SIMON NEWCOMB. SIR WILLIAM HUGGINS. LORD RAYLEIGH. Prof. S. Newcomb, Sir W. Huggins, Lord Rayleigh and Prof. Suess belong to a New Series and are Photogravures. Proof impressions of these, printed on India paper, may be had from the Publishers, price 5s. each ; or the series of 35 Portraits in a Handsome Portfolio for £9, carriage paid. The Portfolio may be had separately, price 6s. Cheques and Money Orders payable to MACMILLAN & CO., Limited. OFFICE OF “NATURE,” ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON, W.C. REYNOLDS & BRANSON, LTD. 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The scales are graduated in inches and millimetres, and, by means of the verniers, are capable of being subdivided to read 10 0·002 inches and 0'1 m/m. The attached Thermometer on the body of the instrument is graduated in Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales It is the BOLDEST Standard Barometer made. The PRICE IS LOWER than that of any other forma of Standard Barometer of the same dimensions. It yields readings equally close as the highest priced instruments. Price complete, mounted on handsome Polished Solid Mahogany Board, with Brackets for Suspension, and Opal Glass Reflectors, £7 10s. Od. SMALLER SIZE, "THE STUDENTS," designed for Schools for demonstration work, and small private Observatories ; bore .25 ; reading to foi loch and •1 millimetre. £3 78. ed. Sole Manufacturers and Proprietors of the Red Design: PASTORELLI & RAPKIN, Ltd., 46 HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C. ACTUAL MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS. Contractors to H.M. Government. Estd. 150 years. Telegrams: Rapkin, London. Telepbonc : 1981 Holbors. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND Awarded 2 Grands Prix at Milan International as THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1906. tenuity, has for some time been felt to involve difficulties, which become more serious upon a closer examin ation. These difficulties are cogently stated by the THE EVOLUTION OF THE GLOBE. authors, especial stress being laid on the great disGeology: Earth History. By Thomas C. Chamberlin crepancy which Moulton has pointed out from a and Rollin D. Salisbury. Vol. ii., Genesis, Paleo- consideration of the actual distribution of moment of zoic, pp. xxvi +692. Vol. iii., Mesozoic, Cenozoic, momentum in the solar system. The meteoritic pp. xi +624. (London : John Murray, 1906.) Price hypothesis, whether in Lockyer's or in Darwin's form, 21s. net each. is held by the authors to be open to the same objec*HE first volume of this important work, noticed tions as the theory of a gaseous nebula, with which, indeed, it is practically identical as regards its more its second edition, dealt with geological processes and important consequences. According to the planettheir results. In the two volumes now before us, esimal hypothesis, the constituents of the system which complete the work, geology is treated from might be molecules or small masses of any kind the historical side, and we have a comprehensive re- moving in orbits about a common centre, the essential view of the history of the earth on systematic lines. point being that their behaviour depended, not on The treatment of these two formally separable mutual collisions (as on the meteoritic hypothesis), branches of the science is, however, such to but on revolution in independent orbits. On this emphasise the essential unity of the whole. As geo- supposition there was, after the initial nebula was logical processes were discussed with continual refer- once formed, no fundamental change in the dynamics ence to the historical application of the principles laid of the system, but only a progressive aggregation of dow'n; so the evolution of the globe, which is the the infinitesimal planetoids (“ planetesimals '') to story of these latter volumes, is regarded consistently form the planets and their satellites as they now from the causal point of view. Indeed, some subjects exist. already considered under the head of geological pro The original nebula postulated was not a gaseous cesses, such as the dynamics of deformation, the one, but belonged to the type giving a continuous causes of glaciation, &c., are now more fully discussed spectrum, and had, like most of these, the spiral in connection with the particular geological periods form. There were also, as in such nebulæ in general, which most clearly exemplify the phenomena. knots of denser aggregation which became the nuclei The part of the work which will be read with of the several planets, though the greater part of the greatest interest is that which falls under the subtitle material outside the central helioid was still widely ** Genesis." Considering geology as “the domestic scattered. The manner in which such a system may chapter of astronomy," the authors devote much more have been developed from an ancestral helioid by the space than is customary in geological treatises to the near approach of another star is tentatively pictured ; problem of the origin and primitive condition of the but this is no essential part of the hypothesis, which globe. This is, we think, amply justified by the is concerned, not with the whole evolution of the solar fundamental place which cosmogony necessarily system, but with the birth and subsequent history of occupies in the construction of the science. It is the planets. Starting with the conception of an inevident that opinion concerning such questions as the finitude of small masses revolving in different elliptic causes of crust-movements, the essential mechanism orbits of considerable eccentricity, with a certain of igneous action, the origin of the atmosphere and degree of clustering already pronounced, the authors hydrosphere, the beginning of life, must be controlled discuss the manner in which these planetesimals beby the view adopted, formally or tacitly, of the mode came aggregated into planets, moving in orbits of of origin of the earth as a planet. Less obviously, only small eccentricity, and with rotation in the same but not less surely, some theory of the earth's initial direction as the orbital revolution. state is involved in numerous geological doctrines, the It is for the mathematician rather than the dependence of which on such considerations is liable geologist to pass judgment upon this new treatment to be overlooked; and the authors do good service in of the dynamical problems involved, but the geologist recalling this fact repeatedly in the historical record must be vitally interested in the verdict. The earth which follow's. The clear recognition of cosmogony as built up on the planetesimal hypothesis will be a as the foundation of geology, by revealing an very different body from the earth as condensed from suspected element of hypothesis at various places in a gaseous spheroid, and must have passed through the superstructure, offers a warning which is perhaps very different stages of evolution since it acquired in some quarters not wholly unnecessary. individuality. The first-formed solid nucleus was The special interest of this part of the book, how- probably devoid of any 'atmospheric envelope, its ever, lies in the first complete exposition of the attraction being insufficient to control the rapidly planetesimal ” theory, which the senior author has moving molecules of gases. An appreciable atmoalready propounded elsewhere. That our solar system sphere had probably been gathered when the growing has in some manner been evolved from a nebula of globe had attained one-tenth of its present mass (being some kind is an assumption to which few will demur; then comparable with Mars). The atmosphere would but the particular theory associated with the name of at first be collected from outside, but there was already Laplace, and generally known as the nebular hypo- a large quantity of occluded gases in the material thesis, starting from a gaseous nebula of extreme built into the solid globe, which might eventually be un |
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