22. pelle. [0.] quotes Martial, iii. 16.

44. tubas, used at funerals. So Pers. iii. 103: Hinc tuba, candela.' [D.]

49. forsit. ἅπαξ λεγόμενον.

54. See further markings of time in S. II. vi. 40, and note; and the Chronological Table.

57. Infans. Cic. de Cl. Or. 80, 278.

59. caballo. A rustic or low class term for 'horse;' yet the term from which the Fr. cheval, the Eng. chivalry and cavalry are derived. Has the old word capul (Scott's Ivanhoe, ch. xxxix.) any connection with it?

67. nævos. Cic. de Cl. Or. 313.

68. lustra. Cp. Liv. xxv. 43.

74. suspensi. Cp. 8 Tǹv týpav è§nptnμévos, Lucian, V. Auct. 7.

75. It is implied here that the Ides were a pay-day; that they were the day of the school meeting may be inferred from Martial. His lines are as follow:

Ludi magister parce simplici turbæ ...

Albæ Leone flammeo calent luces,
Tostamque fervens Julius coquit messem:
Cirrata loris horridis Scythæ pellis,
Quâ vapulavit Marsyas Celæneus,
Ferulæque tristes, sceptra pædagogorum,
Cessent et Idus dormiant in Octobres.

·

octonis has been variously explained. 1. quia Idus omnes in octavum post Nonas diem incidunt' (but this according to Roman calculation is not true). 2. 'sive, ut ait Lambinus, Iduum dies sunt octo.' [0.] 3. de exercitiis puerorum qui computarent æra,' i.e. 'quæ Idibus exigerentur. Octono.... quia post Nonas sunt octo.' (Zeun.) 4. It has been thought that octone may be equivalent to Octobres." (There is something plausible in this last, if it be not an anachronism; for the year in the Augustan age began with January, not March as anciently.) But the interpretation given in the footnote is the best. The only difficulty is Macrobius's statement that 'Martio mense mercedem exsolvebant magistris quam completus annus deberi fecit' (Macr. Saturn. i. 12). But this is done away by Becker's explanation, that the monthly payments and the four months' holiday belonged only to the poorer and inferior schools. In the higher schools the payments were annual, and made probably in March after the Quinquatria. He cites Ov. Fast. iii. 829. The verse of Juvenal, x. 116:

Quisquis adhuc uno partam colet asse Minervam,

he interprets as referring to the Minerval, or entrance fee. (See the dissertation in Gallus, esp. p. 194.)

78. vidisset... crederet. This may in some measure be compared with C. iv. vi. 16-22: falleret, ureret, annuisset.' Cp. too Virg.

82. Circum. So, Hectora circum, Virg. Æn. vi. 166.

90. See Herman, ad Vigerum adnot. 194 c. There is an excellent instance of this construction in Soph. Τrach. 1048-52 :

οὔπω τοιοῦτον οὔτ ̓ ἄκοιτις ἡ Διὸς

προὔθηκεν .

οἷον τόδ ̓ ἡ δολῶπις Οἰνέως κόρη
καθῆψεν ὤμοις τοῖς ἐμοῖς Ἐρινύων
ὑφαντὸν ἀμφίβληστρον.

Ι. e. οἷον μόχθον προὔθηκεν καθάψασα τόδε, κ. τ. λ.

101. salutandi. See on E. 1. vii. 8. Explicat Heindorf, "salutatores plures accipiendi." Præter Cic. ad Fam. vii. 28; ix. 20; poterat afferre etiam Senecæ illud de Brev. v. 2, "Quam multis nihil liberi relinquit circumfusus clientium populus." Non tamen ejus int. comprobo.' [O.] The general sense of the passage is expressed, and more fully, in Xen. Cyrop. vii. iii. 40 : Η γὰρ οὕτως, ὦ Σάκα, ὑπολαμβάνεις ὡς ἐγὼ νῦν τοσούτῳ ἥδιον ζῶ ὅσῳ πλείω κέκτημαι; οὐκ οἶσθα, ἔφη, ὅτι ἐσθίω καὶ πίνω καὶ καθεύδω οὐδ ̓ ὁτιοῦν νῦν ἥδιον ἢ τότε ὅτε πένης ἦν; ὅτι δὲ ταῦτα πολλά ἐστι, τόσουτον κερδαίνω, πλείω μὲν φυλάττειν δεῖ, πλείω δὲ ἄλλοις διανέμειν πλείονα δὲ ἐπιμελούμενον πράγματα ἔχειν. Νῦν γὰρ δὴ ἐμὲ πολλοὶ μὲν οἰκέται σῖτον αἰτοῦσι, πολλοὶ δὲ πιεῖν, πολλοὶ δὲ ἱμάτια.

118. cum paterâ guttus. Cp. 'salinum patellamque deorum causa habere,' Liv. xxvi. 37.

122. vagor aut ego. ungor. Lecto aut scripto expresses the occupation until about ten, ad quartam. Then he goes out for a stroll, or else prepares to take part in the games of the Campus. Observe ego in, not the first, but a subsequent clause, as in C. 1. ix. 16.

6

SAT. VII.

3. notum tonsoribus. Proverbialiter ut Polyb. iii. 20: κουρεακὴ καὶ πάνδημος λαλιά. [Ch.]

13. ultima mors. Cp. Ep. II. ii. 173, with Bentley's note; and Gre πυμάτῳ ὀλέθρῳ, Mus. Hero. Le. l. ult.

31. cuculum. Compare the curious passage in Arist. Aves, 504-508: Αἰγύπτου δ' αὖ καὶ Φοινίκης πάσης κόκκυξ βασιλεὺς ἦν· χὤποθ ̓ ὁ κόκκυξ εἴποι κόκκυ, τότε γ' οἱ Φοίνικες ἅπαντες τοὺς πυροὺς ἂν καὶ τὰς κριθὰς ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις ἐθέριζον. τοῦτ ̓ ἄρ ̓ ἐκεῖν ̓ ἦν τοὔπος ἀληθῶς· κόκκυ, ψωλοὶ πεδίονδε. Plaut. Pseud. II. iv. 49. [0.]

32. aceto sharp wit. 35. operum hoc... est.

10. commune.

on this passage.

Cp. 'Muneris hoc tui est,' C. IV. iii. 21.

SAT. VIII.

Such sepulture in ante-Christian times was looked on

as contemptible. See Maitland on the Catacombs, p. 39, who remarks (There is some mistake in his rendering of it.)

15. quo in quo, non repetitâ præp. in post in aprico.

=

[O.] the

sense is, 'Now there are sunny walks and cheerful views, where lately all was gloom and whitening bones.'

22. ossa legant. Ov. Her. vi. 90:

Certaque de tepidis colligit ossa rogis.

And cp. Sophocl. [Fr. 479, a passage imitated by Virgil, Æn. iv. 513. [0.]

28. cruor... ut inde. This remarkable superstition, of the ghosts gathering round sacrificial blood, is in Hom. Od. λ. 34, sqq.

48. caliendrum. A head dress.

SAT. IX.

5. cupio, etc. Cp. 'omnia quæ tu vis ea cupio,' Plaut. Pers. v. i. 14; Id. Rud. Iv. iv. 1.

[0.]

7. Noris='you must know me, surely.' Cp. the use of fugerit, S. II. vi. 40.

8. Misere. So in v. 14. Cp. the Gr. compound, dvoépws; and Ov. Her. vii. 30, 'pejus amo.' Compare too the Virgilian phrase, dira

cupido,' Georg. i. 37; Æn. ix. 185.

16. I cannot think Orelli's punctuation of this verse an improvement upon the common text. Hinc weakens and interferes with the sense if joined with persequar (if he had not been persequens all along it might have some meaning). And, unless the sentence is interrogative, nunc is out of place, and cunque is wanted. The sentences run thus: "You

want to get away; it is of no use; 1 shall hold on, and follow you (per) to the end. Where may you be going to next?' Then the next line is natural as a reply. [B.] reads with some MSS. prosequar; the difference of meaning is worth notice. Prosequar esset, officii causa porro sequar.' [0.]

21. subiit On the quantity of this termination, see Lachmann, Lucr. iii. 1042.

=

32. laterum dolor pleuritis, Sch. Qu.: whether laterum dolor and lateris dolor are properly the same? lateris dolor, in Cic. de Or. III. ii. 6, was no doubt a sudden and short illness, such as 'pleurisy.' But latera specially signifies lungs,' and laterum dolor might be inferred to mean lung-disease, or consumption.'

35. Martial's epigram continues as follows:

In quintam varios extendit Roma labores;
Sexta quies lassis; septima finis erit.
Sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palæstris;
Imperat extructos frangere nona toros.
Hora libellorum decima est, Eupheme, meorum

Temperat ambrosias cum tua cura dapes.

38. paulum may be here for paulisper, as in C. 11. i. 9. Stop a

ades, as in Plaut. Amph. Iv. iii. 3: advocatus mihi adsis. [O.] Op. Liv. xxvi. 48, aderat, explained as it is immediately afterwards by advocatis partis utriusque. So Gr. wapeîvai, e.g. Demosth. p. 890, 26; 911, 7.

75. Adversarius. Some have supposed this litigant to be different from the one alluded to as vadatur, in v. 36, since that suit would have been lost by default. But it is easier to suppose one person meant; and the explanation will be, either that the lis of v. 37 was not the full amount the defendant would lose if nonsuited, or that, as [O.] interprets it, the plaintiff was so hot and so self-confident as not to be content without open decision in court.

76. antestari. Cp. Plaut. Pers. IV. ix. 8, sq. [O.] See in Varronianus, p. 241, the comment on Table I. of the XII. Tables: 'Si in jus vocat ni it antestator igitur em capito.'

·

78. Apollo. Some suppose a reference to the statue of Apollo in the Forum Augusti; forum jurisque peritus Apollo,' Juv. i. 128. (Sed hoc minus probabile videtur. [O.])

SAT. X.

6

3. sale. It is usually in the plural (see [G.] and the Sch.) that this word has the metaphorical meaning of wit and humour.' But [0.] quotes instances of the singular from Cic. N. D. II. xxix. 74; Tusc. Qu. v. xix. 55; Brut. xxxiv. 128, omnes sale facetiisque superabat.

6. [O.] comments thus: 'mimi ipsi non solum Horatio sed etian Ciceroni haud nimis placebant. Cic. ad Fam. XII. xviii. 2: Equidem sic jam obdurui ut ludis Cæsaris nostri animo æquissimo . . audirem

·

Laberii et Publii (Syri) poemata.' Laberius and his plays gave rise to some jests, and perhaps some jealousy; see Sueton. J. Cæsar, 39. A. Gellius says, 1. xvii. 14: Cæsarem ita Laberii maledicentia et arrogantia offendebat, ut acceptiores et probatiores sibi esse Publii quam Laberii mimos prædicaret.' [D.]

13. urbani, i.e. the polished wit, not coarse, who prefers tempered pleasantry (ridiculum) to savage or cruel jest. For an exposition of urbanus the English student may consult Trench, Synonyms, p. 147. 15. Churchill says of B. Jonson :

His comic humour kept the world in awe,

And Laughter frightened Folly more than Law.

17. pulcher, pulchellus ille et delicatus (stutzerhafte).' [0.] Is the epithet to be explained from theatrical language? Among the characters brought forward in the Roman farces (see the account of the Atellanæ in Varronianus, ch. iv.) "Pulchellus, like the Greek Kaλλías, was used to denote apes and puppets." From hence is derived our 'Punch,' or Polichinello. It is to be observed that pulcher here is joined with simius.

46. Varrone. Quintil. x. 1, quoted by [D.]: Atacinus Varro in iis per quæ nomen adeptus est interpres operis alieni non spernendus quidem: verum ad augendam facultatem parum locuples.

58. factos. Cp. factus imperator, Cic. Ac. Qu. 4, procem. Plautus even uses a comparative factius, Trin. 11. iii. 6.

68. dilatus. So Ovid, Metam. xiii. 518:

Quid, di crudeles, nisi quo nova funera cernam,

Vivacem differtis anum? (why do you lengthen out her life?) [O.] 84. ambitio. Cp. the phrase per ambitionem'to curry favour,' Liv. iii. 47; xxviii. 40.

92. I puer puer ad manum. Horace bids his amanuensis (cp. dictabam, E. 1. x. 49) add this Satire to the rest, and complete the Book.

SATIRARUM LIBER II.

SAT. I.

16. poteras scribere. Cp. Virg. Ecl. 1. 80 (with Conington's note), and Ov. Met. 1. 679.

18. dextro tempore. Cp. 'quis rebus dexter modus,' Virg. Æn. iv. 294. So in Eschylus, P. V. 378:

38. quod

=

ὀργῆς νοσούσης εἰσὶν ἰατροὶ λόγοι; ἐάν τις ἐν καιρῷ γε μαλθάσσῃ κέαρ. aliquod.

bellum incuteret. An unusual phrase for inferret: 'dictum est ut incutere verbera, terrorem, metum; sic incutere minas, Ov. Trist. I. xi. 42.' [0.]

43. Cp. Sueton. Caligula, 53: Peroraturus stricturum se lucubrationis telum minabatur.'

45. Cp. Ter. Andria, Prol. 22:

Dehinc ut quiescant porro moneo, et desinant
Maledicere, malefacta ne noscant sua.

46. Cp. Esch. S. c. Th. 7:

ὑμνοῖθ ̓ ὑπ ̓ ἀστῶν φροιμίοις πολυῤῥόθοις.

Pope's translation :

Whoe'er offends, at some unlucky time
Slides into verse and hitches in a rhyme,
Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,

And the sad burden of a merry song.

62. Quid, cum est Lucilius? Cp. Cic. ad Fam. XII. xvi. 3: Deinde qui magis hoc Lucilio licuerit assumere libertatis quam nobis ? etc.' [0.] 65. aut qui. Bentley contends for et qui; on weak grounds, for the plural number is equally implied in either reading. [O.] cites a parallel