ment into our own hands, to offer to the negroes, and to other persons of impure and pestilential presence, during a limited period of years, liberal premiums or inducements to take themselves, at once and forever, out of our way; that is to say, to emigrate to Africa, or to some other foreign and far-distant land, never, under any circumstances whatever, to return to America. If necessary, we mean to place the sum of fifty or sixty dollars, more or less, at the disposition of every negro in this country, who may wish to avail of it in that way; and also, in certain cases, an ample supply of agricultural implements. But, what if the negroes, manifesting and proving anew their inherent destiny to be, everywhere and at all times, so long as they survive, a common nuisance, should refuse the offer, and decline to go? In that case we intend to provide the requisite means, and to fix a time within which such means shall be used or employed, for securing their absence by main force. But even prior to the fixing of the time here referred to, and in the hope of being able to avoid the necessity of having to fix it at all-so far as we ourselves are concerned-we mean to bring to bear upon the negroes certain very suggestive and salutary lessons.

Not only do we mean to hire, and have about us, white persons only, but, with due regard to public decency and general morality, we mean that all our white neighbors and countrymen shall do so likewise. We mean that, after the lapse of a certain time hereafter to be determined and promulgated, every negro, (or other nonwhite,) still remaining in the country, shall pay into the national treasury a special fine, or an extra tax, of not less than one hundred dollars per annum; and that every white person who employs a negro, or who even tolerates a negro on or about his premises, whether as servant, tenant, or in whatever other capacity, shall pay into

the national treasury, for each and every such negro, (or other non-white,) a special fine, or an extra tax, of not less than two hundred dollars per annum. From all hotels, restaurants, boarding-houses, and other similar establishments, whether public or private, in which negroes, (or other non-whites,) are employed, it shall also be a particular duty with us to withhold our patronage and support.

Meanwhile, even before the arrival of the time when it shall have become feasible and convenient for us to oust or deport the negroes from all sections of our country, we mean to dislodge them entirely from our cities and towns. Whether by persuasion or by force, they must all soon go into the agricultural districts; and upon the same just principles that we remove the Indians westwardly, along the paths and the by-ways of extinction, so also will we remove the negroes southwardly, along the stratums and the streams of fossilizing properties.

CHAPTER X.

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE AMERICA.

However our present interests may restrain us within our own limits, it is impossible not to look forward to distant times, when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits, and cover the whole northern, if not the southern continent, with a people speaking the same language, governed in similar forms and by similar laws; nor can we contemplate with satisfaction either blot or mixture on that surface. -JEFFERSON.

Whoever is afraid of submitting any question, civil or religious, to the test of free discussion, is more in love with his own opinion than with truth.-RICHARD WATSON.

Our planet, before the age of written history, had its races of savages, like the generations of sour paste, or the animalcules that wriggle and bite in a drop of putrid water. Who cares for these or for their wars? We do not wish a world of bugs nor of birds; neither afterward of Scythians, Caribs, nor Feejees.-RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

THE Spanish and Portuguese discovery and settlement of South America were so nearly simultaneous with the Saxon and Anglo-Saxon discovery and settlement of North America, that the difference in time is, in the general history of such grand achievements, a mere bagatelle. Yet it is a fact well established in the annals of the greater part of the four last centuries, that the daring countrymen and kinsmen of Columbus took precedence of all the Germanic races, both in the finding of new countries and in the planting of colonies in the western hemisphere.

The first important European conquests in America, such, for instance, as those of Mexico and Peru, were Spanish conquests, and the first cities and towns which were built in America, after European models, were built by the Spaniards. Even in our own country, the oldest town of which we can boast, Saint Augustine, in Florida,

is of Spanish origin, it having been founded by a company of Castilians during the reign of Philip II., in 1565.

Seventy-eight years before the Dutch settled New York, the Spaniards had settled Buenos Ayres; that is to say, the city of New York was founded in 1612; the city of Buenos Ayres in 1534.

Not only Buenos Ayres, but also Lima, Rio de Janeiro, and other important seaports in South America, were settled before we had any permanent settlement in North America.

Yet how often, in speaking of the primitive manners of the people, the lack of progress, the backwardness of civilization in South America, as compared with the present advanced condition of mankind in North America, do we not hear the former excused on account of their alleged youth and inexperience! How preposterous! The elder, under a species of self-deception, claiming to be the younger! The shriveled matron, who became a mother many, many years ago, coquettishly setting up pretensions to beauty and attractions eclipsive of the charms of her own blooming and buxom daughter of sweet sixteen!

Of what is not true let us hear no more. The absurdity of these claims for the newness of the Spanish and Portuguese settlements in South America, in contrast with the Saxon and Anglo-Saxon settlements in North America, is only equaled by the absurdity of the claims which, within the sixty or seventy years last past, have been so frequently advanced for the juvenility of the negro race; as if, forsooth, the evidences were not both palpable and abundant, that the negro race is the oldest and the rudest and the rustiest and the rottenest -indeed, by far the most superannuated and worthless -in all the world.

It is not, therefore, because of priority of settlement

that North America has so greatly surpassed South America in agriculture, commerce and manufactures; in science, literature and art; no, certainly not because of priority of settlement, for, as we have already seen, South America was settled first. Nor is the reason to be found either in the climate or in the soil; for these, upon a general average, are good alike.

Yet for the difference which obtains here, as indeed for every other difference in the universe, there is a good and sufficient reason; and for the very important reason connected with this difference,it behooves us to look further. The real reason, then, if tell it we must, the real reason is a Reason of Race, or rather of races, for there are many races in South America; and all except one— all except the white race-have long since ceased to be the creatures of a useful existence.

Connected with this Reason of Race, which is the primary and principal reason of the comparatively unprosperous condition of Spanish and Portuguese America, there is also a Reason of Religion, which, though but secondary and attendant, is nevertheless very powerful, not for good, but for evil; and toward this latter reason we are now approaching.

Within the circle of human agencies, events occur thus and so, pro and con, not merely because men are men, but because they are men of a certain sort-because they are men who, in their physical, mental and moral constitutions, are, by nature, under the control of irresistibly powerful and specific differences. It is safe to say, therefore, that in all the particulars wherein mankind are affected, whether affected momentously or but slightly, whether affected gloriously or ingloriously, Race, whether characterized by positive or by negative peculiarities, whether acting or acted upon, has more or less to do in inducing the change of condition.