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withstanding this, Locke continued unalterably attached to him throughout all the vicissitudes of his fortunes; and in 1682, upon his flight into Holland, followed him thither with several letters and writings, which thus evaded search.

He had not been a year on the Continent, when he was accused at the English court of having written certain tracts against the government; and though another person was subsequently discovered to be the author, yet his associating with several English malcontents at the Hague being notified through Sunderland, Secretary of State, to Charles II., his Majesty ordered measures to be taken for expelling him from his studentship. Application for this purpose was made to Bishop Fell, the Dean of Christ Church, who ordered Mr. Locke to appear and answer for himself on the first of January ensuing but receiving a subsequent and more peremptory command, he removed him without farther delay, November 16, 1684,*

* Fell has been charged by some writers, particularly by Dr. Birch in his Life of Locke,' with having exceeded his orders; but from the testimony of Le Clerc, as well as the original letters which passed between the Bishop and the Secretary of State upon the occasion, it might almost be inferred that the Prelate was Mr. Locke's friend, and that he suspended the expulsion till he conceived himself obliged instantaneously to comply. Even this friendship however may be questioned, and the Bishop's hesitation ascribed to his doubt of the legality of the order: as in his first reply to Lord Sunderland he says, ' he has long had an eye upon Mr. Locke's behaviour; but though frequent attempts had been made (of which he himself expresses no disapprobation!) to draw the victim into imprudent conversation, by attacking in his company the reputation and insulting the memory of his late patron and friend, and thus to "make his gratitude, as Mr. Fox.

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Thus, observes a late illustrious historian, while without the shadow of a crime Mr. Locke lost a situation attended with some emolument and great convenience, was the University deprived of, or rather thus from the base principles of servility did she cast away the man, the having produced whom is now her greatest glory; and thus, to those who are not determined to be blind, did the true nature of absolute power discover itself, against which the middling station is not more secure than the most exalted. Tyranny, when glutted with the blood of the great and the plunder of the rich, will condescend to hunt humbler game, and make a peaceable and innocent Fellow of a College the object of it's persecution. In this instance, one would almost imagine there was some instinctive sagacity in the government of that time, which pointed out to them (even before he had

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feelingly observes, and all the best feelings of his heart instrumental to his ruin," these attempts had all proved unsuccessful: whence however his Lordship only infers, not his innocence, but that there was not in the world such a master of taciturnity and passion!' &c. &c. The hostility of Fell becomes the more probable, if a letter addressed to him by Lord Clarendon, Chancellor of Oxford, in 1666 (and inserted in Hollis' Memoirs,' p. 388) soliciting for him, though he had not taken the degree of M. B., that he might be dispensed with to accumulate that degree, he professing himself ready to perform the exercise for both,' may be regarded as genuine. As he had become acquainted in that year with Lord Ashley, the application was probably made at his new friend's request. But both it, and (as we learn from a letter written by Ashley himself between 1670 and 1672, when he was created Earl of Shaftesbury) a subsequent attempt to obtain for him a Doctor's degree, were frustrated. Lord Clarendon too, it should be remembered, must have appeared obviously to his University, in 1666, a falling star.

made himself known to the world) the man, who was destined to be the most successful adversary of superstition and tyranny.

After this violent procedure, Locke thought it prudent to remain in Holland till the accession of James II.; when William Penn, who had known him at college, procured for him the promise of a pardon but he declined the acceptance of this friendly offer, alleging that having been guilty of no crime, he had no occasion for forgiveness.'

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In May, 1685, the English Envoy at the Hague demanded him of the States General, upon suspicion of his having been concerned in the Duke of Monmouth's invasion. This obliged him to lie concealed nearly twelve months, till it became sufficiently known that he had taken no part in that enterprise.

Toward the latter end of 1686, he re-appeared in public, and in the following year formed a weekly assembly at Amsterdam with Limborch an eminent remonstrant divine, Le Clerc, and some others, for the purpose of discussing subjects of universal learning.

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In 1689, he printed at Gouda, in Latin, his First Letter upon Toleration.*

Soon after the Revolution he returned to England, and immediately preferred a claim to his studentship at Christ Church: but that society rejected his pretensions, as the proceedings against him (they contended) were conformable to their statutes. At the same

* This was translated into English by Mr. Popple, author of the 'Rational Catechism,' and into Dutch and French the same year; and of the English version a second edition was printed, at London, in 1690.

time, however, they offered to admit him a Supernumerary Student; but this he did not think proper to accept. As a sufferer for the principles of the Revolution, he might easily have obtained a very considerable post; but he contented himself with that of Commissioner of Appeals, worth somewhat less than 2001. per ann., which was procured for him by Lord Mordaunt, afterward successively Earl of Monmouth and Peterborough.

About the same time, it was left to his choice whether he would be Envoy at the court of the Emperor, at that of the Elector of Brandenburgh, or at any other where he thought the air more salutary; but all these he waived on account of the ill state of his health, which disposed him gladly to accept an offer made him by Sir Francis Masham and his lady, of an apartment in their country-seat at Oates in Essex. This situation proved, in all respects, so agreeable to him, that he spent in it a great part of the remainder of his life.

In 1690, he published his celebrated Treatise on Government,' which is divided into two parts. In the former, the false principles of Sir Robert Filmer and his followers are detected and overthrown: the latter investigates the true original, extent, and end of civil government.

The same year, he published his Essay on Human Understanding;' nor was the twelvemonth expired, when his Second Letter upon Toleration' appeared, in answer to Mr. Jonas Proast, Chaplain of All Souls College, Oxford, who had attacked the First.

In 1691, he printed his Considerations on the Consequences of lowering of Interest, and raising

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the Value of Money,' in a Letter addressed to a Member of Parliament.

He subsequently published some other small pieces upon the same subject, and the ministry advised with him concerning the new coinage of the silver-currency; when he suggested an expedient for supplying the necessities of commerce, and the exigencies of the people during the re-coinage, which was approved and recommended by the Lord Chancellor Somers.

In 1692, he gave to the world a Third Letter upon Toleration;' which being answered about twelve years afterward by his old antagonist, Mr. Proast, he prepared a. Fourth,' but he did not live to finish it.

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In 1693, his Thoughts concerning Education'. made their appearance. They were, soon afterward, translated into French and Low Dutch.

In 1695, William III. appointed him one of the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations. Thus he became engaged in the immediate service of the State; and, with regard to that of the Church, in order to promote the scheme (which his Majesty had much at heart) of a comprehension of the Dissenters, he published, the same year, his Reasonableness of Christianity as delivered in the Scriptures.' It was attacked in 1696 by Mr. Edwards, in his Socinian Unmasked;' upon which, Mr. Locke published two vindications of it.

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He was scarcely disengaged from this controversy, before he entered into another. Some arguments in his Essay on Human Understanding' having been used by Mr. Toland, in his Christianity not Mysterious,' and several treatises being

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