Lastly, I have to thank the Rev. W. W. Skeat, the well-known editor of the Vision of Piers the Plowman, for many valuable suggestions, principally in English etymology; and H. Bendall, B.A., of Christ's College, for the very complete indices which accompany this edition.
TRUMPINGTON,
Dec. 21, 1871,
In Sanskrit words ch and j denote nearly the same sounds as in
ç denotes the palatal sibilant.
anusvára or after-sound.
t, d, n, s denote the cerebral letters.
In Lithuanian words u denotes o followed by a slight a-sound. &c. denote vowels followed by a suppressed
z denotes weak (French) j, = zh (page 70).
Roots are denoted by the symbol and Indo-European roots are printed in capital letters; so √AD=Lat. √ed = Gr. √√/ed.
All vowels should be pronounced as in Italian, subject to the modifications in Chapter IV. The English sounds are denoted by the symbols (not italicised) in brackets: thus (ee) denotes the English equivalent of the vowel i.
Nature of phonetic change, 1. Its cause, 3. Results of this law of
change, 5. Peculiar causes of different changes in different languages, 7.
Application of this principle, 10. Apparent exceptions to it, 12.
Different theories upon this subject, 13. Results of the combina-
tions of phonetic laws of different peoples, 15. Erroneous spelling to
suit supposed etymologies, 16.
Note on the derivation of Latin words from Greek, 18.
What is a "root"? 37. Connection between roots and ideas, 38.
Definition of a root, 39. Each language has its own roots, 39. Secondary
roots, 41; formed by adding initial letters (?), 41; by vowel-change, 42;
and especially by adding consonants at the end of the roots, 42. Origin
of these secondary roots, 43. Secondary roots formed with a final vowel,
44. Pronominal roots, 45. They denote relation in space, 46.
Bases-intermediate between roots and words, 47. Formative
suffixes, 48. Verbal suffixes, 48. Nominal suffixes, ib. Denominative
or nominal verbs, ib. Stem-suffixes, 49. What were these suffixes
originally? 50. Probably the verbal were in the main common roots,
50. The nominal were in the main pronominal roots, 51. Are the
fuller or the shorter forms of the suffixes the older? 52.
suffixes not to be described here, 53.
The sounds of the original language, 54. Extension of the vowels, ib.
This increase of sound was qualitative not quantitative, 55. Scantiness
of this alphabet, 56. Fuller list of sounds to be now considered, 56.
Physiological difference between vowels and consonants, 57. Dif-
ference in the material of speech, 58. "Hard," "surd," or "breath-
sounds," distinguished from soft," "sonant," or "voice-sounds," ib.
1. Nasals, ib.
2. Central consonants, 62.
3. Lateral consonants, ib.
4. Laxly vibrated or trilled consonants, 63.
II. According to the organs employed.
(i) Faucals (?), 63. Different views of the nature of h, 65.
(ii) Back-palatals or "gutturals," k, g, ng, ch (Germ.),
(iv) Mixed-palatals, s, z, sh, zh, 70.
(v) Linguals or cerebrals, t, d, n, s, ib.
(vi) Front-palatals or dentals," t, d, n (English), 71.
t, d, n (Sanskrit), þ (th), 8 (dh), 72.
(vii) Labio-dentals, f, v (English), 73.
(viii) Labials, p, b, m, hw, w, ƒ (?), v (central German), ib.
General rules to determine the strength of sounds, 75. Momentary
sounds stronger than protracted, ib. Hard sounds stronger than soft
each in their own class, ib. Unaspirated sounds stronger than the
corresponding aspirates, 76. Of the different classes the gutturals are
the strongest, 77. General rules hardly possible for protracted sounds,
78. Among the nasals m may be stronger than n, ib. Of the spirants,
y is the strongest; h is the weakest in Greek, 79. s is stronger than r,
ib. Central sounds more difficult than lateral, ib.
r passes into w, 80.
Number of English vowels, ib.
|