When the verb is used negatively, the adverb not is placed between the auxiliary and the regular verb; as

He did not hear me.

They will not come.

But the adjective no is not so employed; as-

I shall give him no encouragement.

I have heard of no such engagement.

The verb is used in the subjunctive mode, only after conjunctions expressive of doubt or contingency; as

He can acquire no virtue, unless he make some sacrifices.
If I be well. Till he come. Lest he fall. Whether he arrive.

But if the nominative case follow the verb, used affirmatively or imploringly; it supplies the place of the conjunction; as

Had he done this, he had escaped, (i.e.,) if he had done this. Would it were evening, (i.e.,) O! if it were.

Observe, a preposition is frequently Elliptical after the verbs walking, sleeping, refusing, asking, teaching, offering, promising, paying, telling, allowing, hanging, leaving, &c.

He walked a mile.- -Through the space of a mile.

He slept the whole night.—Through the whole night.

He was refused entrance by her. As to entrance.
We offered him money.- -To him.

Money was offered him.-To him.

They promised her assistance.-
Assistance was promised her.-

You paid me the money.

The money was paid me.

To her.

-To her.

To me.

To me.

The auxiliary verbs do, have, shall, will, and the rest of the signs of Compound Tenses, are frequently used alone, to spare the repetition of the verb to which they belong; as

Has your brother George read the English History? He has not. That is-Has not read.

He loves not books as thou dost, Anthony. That is-Dost love.

The Verb is sometimes, but not often, wholly omitted in a sentence, and is to be supplied according to the sense, as

To whom thus Adam. That is-Spake.

CHAPTER VII.

CONSTRUCTION OF PRONOUNS.

A PRONOUN must always be of the same Number, Gender, and Person, as the Noun for which it stands. Thus speaking

The Adjective Pronouns each, every, either, and neither, agree with nouns and verbs in the singular number only; as

Each person is favourably situated.
Every man is accountable for himself.

Either, or neither, is sufficiently good.

Every Relative has an Antecedent or word going before it, with which it agrees in Gender, Number, and Person, as

The Lesson, which we have read, is delightful.

The Man who came by sea.

When the Relative Pronoun is preceded by several antecedents of different persons, it agrees

with the last, and the verb must agree with the relative accordingly; as—

It was either they, or you, or he who was present.

The Relative is sometimes placed without its antecedent, as

Who steals my purse, steals trash.
'Tis thus in friendship, who depend
On many, rarely find a friend.

For-He who steals.

They who depend.

The Relative is frequently omitted in conversa

tion, as-

The companion I love.

For the companion whom I love. The thing you have done to-day, (i.e.,) which you have done. Note. This often occurs in English, but never in Latin.-Arnold.

The Pronouns my, and thy, are for the sake of euphony, changed into mine and thine, before words beginning with a vowel or silent h; as— Mine iniquities hast thou not hid.

Thine hour is not yet come.

OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RELATIVE.

The Relative ought to stand next to its antecedent to avoid ambiguity, and is always of the same gender, number, and person, with the antecedent; but not always of the same case-for example—

If a Nominative Case come between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word in the sentence, as—

The God whom we serve is the true God; to whom we owe our being; whose we are, and whom we ought to serve.

Here the Relative whom is governed by the Verb serve; whose is the genitive case after creatures understood; and to whom is the dative indicated or governed by the preposition to.

The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when no nominative comes between it and the verb; as

The master who taught us.

Vast chain of being, which from God began,
Nature's ethereal, human, angel, man.

The relative who, when it follows the adverb than, is put in the accusative case; as—

Beelzebub, than whom

Satan except, none higher sat.

Contrary to all rule and analogy, the conjunction than has been used as a Preposition before the Relative, a custom more honoured in the breach than in the observance. When the qualities of different things are compared, the latter noun is governed, not by the conjunction than or as, (for a conjunction has no government of cases) but by the Verb, or the Preposition, expressed or understood; as

Thou art wiser than I (am.)

You think him handsomer than (you think) me.

You love him better than (you love) me.