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the ministry of the English Church, he held back for almost three years, during which he gave himself to such. study of divinity as should assure his conscience and fit him for the work if he found that he could undertake it. The result was that he did at last enter the ministry of the Reformed Church, with his whole heart in its duties. King James then made him his Chaplain in Ordinary; the University of Cambridge, at the king's wish, somewhat unwillingly made him in March, 1615, a Doctor of Divinity, and Dr. Donne became one of the greatest preachers of King James's reign. In July, 1616, he was made Rector of Sevenoaks. His wife died in childbed in August, 1617, leaving him with seven children-survivors of twelve born-just as the days of their adversity were at an end. He mourned her loss deeply, and did not marry again. The Benchers of Lincoln's Inn had made Donne, in October, 1616, their lecturer; the king made him Dean. of St. Paul's in November, 1621; the Vicarage of St. Dunstan's in the West fell to him also.

The king's way of conferring the Deanery illustrated. the fashion of the day for small conceits, and seemed, no doubt, witty and pleasant to them both. His Majesty. invited Donne to dinner, sat down himself, and said: "Dr. Donne, I have invited you to dinner, and though you sit not down with me, I will carve you of a dish I know you love well; for knowing you love London, I have made you Dean of St. Paul's. And when I have dined, then take your beloved dish home to your study, say grace there to yourself, and much good may it do you."

What more is to be said of Donne as a divine will be associated in a later chapter with discussion of his place among the poets of the time of James I. and Charles I.

Lancelot Andrewes did not long survive King James, and we may complete at once the record of his life and work. When he was made Bishop of Chichester, the living

Lancelot
Andrewes.

of Cheynham was added to the bishopric, as the revenues of the see were small. In 1609, after the publication of Tortura Torti, Andrewes was advanced to the Bishopric of Ely and made a Privy Councillor. In 1618 he was made Bishop of Winchester and Dean of the Chapel Royal. He died on his birthday, the twenty-fifth of September, 1626, when seventy-one years old.

It was said of Andrewes in his funeral sermon that "his life was a life of prayer; a great part of five hours every day did he spend in prayer and in devotion to God."

Preces
Private.

Sermons.

He prayed in Greek and Latin, and his book of Private Prayers was found after his death "worn in pieces with his fingers and wet with his tears." They were compiled from the writings of the early Fathers of the Church, but chiefly from the Scriptures, and a translation of them from the Greek and Latin was published by Dr. Dake in 1648; the Preces Private were first published in their original Greek and Latin at Oxford in 1675. About two years after the death of Lancelot Andrewes "Ninety-six sermons" of his were published by William Laud, then Bishop of London, and John Buckeridge, Bishop of Ely, who had been the preacher of his funeral sermon. Though often too ingeniously artificial in outward construction, and overloaded with Latin quotations, the sermons of Lancelot Andrewes live and will live, for the true soul that is in them of a worship that looked Godward to learn the duties and, as one with them, the charities of life. Andrewes never married, and spent freely the revenues of his rich preferments. He was grateful to his first teachers, gave one of them a living, often helped Mulcaster, and remembered with a legacy of twenty pounds Mulcaster's son Peter. He was liberal to his college at Cambridge. When Master there, he found it penniless, and left it with a thousand

He helped poor

pounds of ready money in its chest. scholars, sought out the fittest for preferment, and in use of his Church patronage never gave a living to an unfit person because a great man recommended him. When Dean of Westminster he had the boys of Westminster School often as guests, aided them in their studies, and caused them to love him as a wise and tender-hearted friend. Sometimes at Westminster he would take the head-master's place for a week, to give him rest. One of his early pupils-John Hacket-wrote of Bishop Andrewes that "he was the most apostolical and primitive-like divine that wore a rochet in his age; of a most venerable gravity, and yet most friendly in all commerce; the most devout that ever I saw when he appeared before God; of such a growth in all kinds of learning that very able clerks were of a low stature to him; full of alms and charity, of which none knew but his Father in secret; a certain patron to scholars of fame and ability, and chiefly to those that never expected it."

In the studies which gave Andrewes his power of reasoning with Roman Catholics on their own chosen ground, he was followed by a younger divine-twenty-five years younger-whom James I., at the end of his reign, made Archbishop of Armagh. This was James Ussher, or Usher.

James
Usher.

Usher was born at Dublin in 1580, son to one of the six clerks in chancery. He was taught to read by two aunts, who had been blind from their cradle, but who knew much of the Bible by heart. Trinity College, Dublin, owes its existence to a grant made, in 1591, of the Augustinian monastery of All Saints, a priory of regular canons founded in 1166 by Dermot MacMurrough, King of Leinster. At the suppression of the monasteries, Henry VIII. gave this to the Mayor and Corporation. They, at the instance of Dr. Adam

Loftus, the Archbishop, gave the land with the decayed buildings on it as a site for the Protestant University upon which Queen Elizabeth conferred its charter. The first stone was laid on New Year's Day, 1593. The College began work in the same year, with the Archbishop, Dr. Loftus, for first Provost, and Henry Usher, M.A., Luke Challoner, M.A., Lancelot Moyne, B.A., for its first three Fellows, and James Usher was one of the first three students admitted. He had delight in history, made chronological tables as a boy, and, as a youth, when the Church controversies became interesting to him, he resolved to read for himself the whole works of the Fathers whose authority was so continually cited. He began at the age of twenty, and, reading a portion daily, finished at the age of thirty-eight. He is said to have had his tendency to study of the past for uses of the present stimulated early by dwelling on a sentence of Cicero, which says, "To be ignorant of what happened before you were born is to be always a child."

When Usher was about to be sent to London to study law, his father died. He then abandoned to his brothers and sisters his paternal inheritance, reserving only enough for his own support at college in a life of study; obtained a Fellowship; at the age of twenty-one took holy orders; argued and preached against the Catholics, and opposed toleration of them. At the accession of James I. James Usher was twenty-three years old.

Some English troops having subscribed eighteen hundred pounds for the library of the new Trinity College, Dublin, the formation of the library was entrusted to Dr. Challoner and Mr. James Usher, who went to London, in 1603, on a book-buying expedition. In London they found Sir Thomas Bodley buying books for Oxford.

While he was in London Usher's mother became Roman Catholic, and all his controversial skill failed afterwards to reconvert her. In 1606, and afterwards at

regular intervals of three years, Usher was again bookbuying in England. In 1607 he was made-aged twentyseven-Professor of Divinity at Dublin and Chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral. In 1612 he became Doctor of Divinity.

In 1613 Dr. James Usher published in London, and dedicated to King James, his first book, in Latin, continuing from the sixth century the argument of Jewel's Apology* to prove that the tenets of the Protestants were those of the primitive Christians. In the same year Usher married the well-dowered daughter of his old friend and associate in book-buying, Luke Challoner, who had charged her on his death-bed to marry no one but Dr. Usher, if he offered himself. They lived happily together forty years.

:

In 1615 a convocation of the Irish clergy drew up by Usher's hand a set of one hundred and four articles for the Irish Church. Their theology was Calvin's, and they included an injunction to keep holy the Sabbath-day for this, and his strong opposition to the Roman Catholics, it was represented to King James that Usher was a Puritan. A correspondent of Usher's at this time observed how easily the king could be set against a clergyman by styling him a Puritan, "whence it were good," he said, "to petition his Majesty to define a Puritan, whereby the mouths of those scoffing enemies would be stopt; and if his Majesty be not at leisure, that he would appoint some good men to do it for him." His Majesty hated a Puritan as one who did not bow down to the divine right of rule in bishops and archbishops, and therefore would have but a weak faith in the divine authority of kings.

When Usher came to England next, in 1619, he found it necessary to bring with him a certificate of orthodoxy from the Lord Deputy and his Council, and he had to submit to

"E. W.," viii. 200, 201.

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