Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 1701-1901

Neutrality, belligerent's rights, 494; | Office, power of appointment, 38, 236;

free ships, free goods, 494, 497-500.
Neutrality statutes, 500-502.

of removal, 47, 236; nature of ap-
pointment, 81.

New England, early cities, 216, 217; Ohio Company, The, 270.

early criminal codes, 353-360.
New London Trading Society, 272.
New Hampshire, early incorporations
in, 227, 296; theory of criminal
punishments, 369.

New Haven, 232, 261, 356.
New Jersey, attempt to exclude English
law-books, 1; Attorney-General's re-
port on Established Church, 11; legal
education in, 21; judges wore gowns,
21; first Constitution, 23; Holmes v.
Walton, 24; Chancery courts, 136;
early municipalities, 213; Hamilton's
charter for Paterson, 222, 223, 304,
305; free cities and ports in, 230;
appointment of city mayors, 234;
copyright law, 423.
New Orleans, 217, 235.

New York, city of, early days, 208, 218;
early charter, 210-213; made a free
city, 230; right to trade in, 232, 233;
freedom of the city, 233; mayors, 234.
New York, State of, codification in, 4;
colonial bar, 16; equity courts, 131,
132, 134; probate of wills, 174; char-
itable bequests, 200; early cities in,
210-213; first general municipal in-
corporation Act, 229; municipal fi-
nances, 241-244; general church in-
corporation Act, 247; permits special
legislation for municipalities, 249;
constitutional provisions as to cities,
251-253; early incorporations by,
303-305; reforms in pleading, 316;
copyright law, 423.
Newfoundland fishing treaties, 503.
Newspapers copyrighted, 425, 429, 431.
North Carolina, its colonial bar, 15;
early municipalities, 216; early pri-
vate corporations, 309.
Nottingham, Earl of, 121
Nuisance, 98.

Opinion, public, 390; when offered in
evidence, 331.

Ordeal, trial by, 346.
Ordinance of 1787, 311.

Pardon, conditional, 371, 372.
Pardoning power, 370-372.
Parent and child, 93; succession, 186.
Paris, Declaration of, 499.
Parish, in Louisiana, 204; early Ameri-
can, 205; in Virginia, 239.
Parliament, English, uncontrolled pow-
ers of, 10; Acts as affecting colonies,
16; municipal representation in, 238.
Parsons, Professor Theophilus, 76, 519.
Partition of land, 59.

Partnerships, early colonial, 268–271.
Patapsco Iron Works Co., 270.
Patents for invention, English origin,
391; early American monopolies, 392;
State patents, 392; Acts of Congress
concerning, 392, 393; what a patent
gives, 393; what price is paid for it,
394; what invention is, 394, 397;
novelty, 396, 398; patents prima facie
evidence, 398; prior state of the art,
399, 407; mere mechanical skill, 400;
double use, 400-402; aggregations,
402, 403; utility, 403, 404; patent
for a principle, 404; infringements,
405, 406; primary patents, 406, 407 ;
improvements, 407; secondary inven-
tions, 408; claims of patents, 408; the
file wrapper, 408; admissions therein,
409; abandonment, 409; name of
article, 409; foreign, 410; contribu-
tory infringement, 410; for processes,
411; for designs, 411; the Patent-
Office, 411; caveats, 411, 412; compar-
ison of the three great U. S. patent
laws, 412, 413; their judicial interpre-
tation, 412-414; evils in our system,
413, 414-417; the Bell Telephone
cases, 416; the Circuit Courts of Ap-
peal, 417; experts, 417, 418; patent
laws and protective tariffs are yoke-

fellows, 418, 419; women as inventors, | Primogeniture, 186.

law in, 519.
Principio Company, The, 271.

Prizes, colonial, 493; rules as to con-
demnation, 484; continuous voyage,
485-487; blockades, 487 ; exemptions,
487, 488.

Procedure, early legal, 13; in civil ac-
tions, pleading, 313 et seq.; evidence,
319 et seq.; criminal, 345 et seq.; ad-
miralty, 449 et seq., 488.
Property, literary, 422, 424, 425.
Protective policy, covers patents, 418.
Protest, marine, 472
Providence, R. I., 225.

419; Washington's recommendation Princeton, instruction in international
of patent laws, 420; their results,
420, 421.
Paterson, city of, charter, 222, 304, 305. Privateering, 499.
Paterson, Gov. William, 223.
Pedigrees, declarations as to, 324.
Penalties, for crime, 367 et seq.; grad-
ing to offence, 375; inequalities, 377,
378; whipping, 378, 380.
Penn, Governor, 214, 305, n.
Pennsylvania, Equity Courts, 133, 138;
law of wills, 173, 200; early munici
palities, 214, 215; general incorpora-
tion laws, 247; early private corpora-
tions, 269, 270, 273, 305, 306; capital
punishment in, 361.
Pennsylvania, University of, instruction
in international law in, 520.
People, source of the State, 228.
Person, artificial, 266, 283, 295, 296.
Perth Amboy, charter, 233.
Phelps, Professor Edward J., 33.
Philadelphia, early days, 208, 218; first
charter, 208, 214, 233; appointment
of mayor, 234, 235; originally a close
corporation, 238.
Pictures, copyrighting, 424, 426.
Pilots, 470, 471.

Plays, copyrighting, 424, 426.
Pleading, in civil actions, codes of, 5;
in the American colonies, 313; early
history in the world, 314; at Rome,
314; in England, 314, 315; in equi-
table actions, 314; artificial forms,

Prussia, neutrality doctrines, 494, 499;
naturalization policy, 508.
Publication, 425, 426; printing pri
vately, 427.

Punishments, for crime, 367 et seq.;
cruel, 381.

Quasi-corporations, 271.

Quasi-public corporations, 224-228, 271,

276.

Quia Emptores, statute, 49.
Quincy, Josiah, Mayor, 220.
Quincy's Reports, 260.

295.

Raleigh, N. C., 234.

315; distinction between Judges at Railroads, statutory reduction of rates,
Law and those in Equity, 315; con-
solidation in this country, 316; the
reformed procedure, 316; English
Judicature Act, 317; in the U. S.
Courts, 318.

Police power. 41, 42, 82.

Pollock, Sir Frederick, 68, 86, 91.
Pomeroy, J. N., 133, 141, 157.

Potomac Company, The, 270.

Randolph, Edmund, 25, 33.
Read, John, 16.

Real estate, laws as to, 48 et seq.; con-
veyancing, 50, 51, 156.

Real property Amendment Act, 156.
Records, land, 51, 63, 64; of charters,
285.

Powers, execution of, 285; implied in Red Cross, the, 514.

charters, 286.

Prætor, 118, 119, 266.
Precincts, defined, 206.
Prescription, title by, 60.

President of the United States, the ex-
ecutive power, 37, 38; its growth, 40.

Redfield, I. F., 180.

Reform of criminals, 369-374.

Reformed procedure in civil actions, 138,
144, 151, 316, 317.

Registration, of land titles, 51, 63, 64.
Regulated companies, 275.

Religion, attitude of State towards, 366, | Seamen, impressment on foreign ship,

367.

Religious societies, incorporation of,

273.

Remainders, 194.

503, 504.

Search, right of, at sea, 505.

Seduction, 93, 360.

Self-help, 111.

Rent, 59, 60.

Replevin, 88, 89.

Reported cases, 6, 115.

resentatives, 22.

Sentence, criminal, indeterminate, 372-
374; suspension of, 370-372.

Servants, 101 et seq.

Representative assemblies, college rep- Sharswood, Professor George, 520.

Res gestæ, 329, 330.

Residence, right of municipal, 231.

Res ipsa loquitur, 100.

Restitution, for crime, 375, 376.
Retribution, for crime, 367-370.
Revenue, seizures, 484.

Rhode Island, charter, 11, 354; early
code, 354, 355; early political organi-
zation, 224, 354; towns in, 225; early
incorporations by, 301.
Richmond, Va., 235.

Rights, natural, 45; declaration of, 46.
Road districts, 204.
Robbery, Appeal of, 88.
Robinson, Henry C., 226.
Rogers, Professor Henry Wade, chapter
on Municipal Corporations by, 203.
Roman law, influence on American, 2;
prætorian, 118, 119, 122; source of
our law of mortgages, 165; of wills,
184; equitable actions, 314; copy-
rights, 422; hypothecations, 456.
Root's Reports, 259.

Rossi, P., 32.

Royal African Co., 275, n.

Rutgers College, instruction in interna-
tional law in, 520.

Salaries, of mayors, 237.

Sale, by decree of admiralty, 467, 468.
Salem, witchcraft cases, 356.

Salvage, 458, 459.

Sanitary Commission, the, 514.
School district, 204.
Schuyler, Mrs. G. L., 97.

Seal, on deed, 63; on contracts, 67, 68,
149; public, 284; corporate, 284,

290.

Sealing fisheries, our controversies as
to, 506.

Shaw, Albert, 223.

Shaw, Lemuel, 220..

Shelley's Case, rule in, 54, 191.
Shipmaster, 470.

Shipping, liens on, in admiralty, 456
et seq.; limited liability, 474-477; the
Harter Act, 477-479.
Simsbury mines, 271.
Slave-trade, treaties to suppress, 504,
505.

Socialism, State, 37.

Social relations, readjustment of, in
America, 2, 3.

Society, relations to law, 276, 277; to
the individual, 2, 344.

South Carolina, municipal government
in, 208, 216; early private corpora-
tions, 309.
Sovereignty, 282.

Spain, our war with, 515, 516.
Special legislation, 247-250.
State, the, its changed relation to the
people, 2; it is the people, 3; cannot
bargain away its sovereignty, 81; its
relations to religion, 366, 367.
States of the Union, effect of XIVth
Amendment to U. S. Constitution,
27, 35, 36; police power, 42, 82;
reserved rights, 142; contracts, 43;
common law, 52; political subdi-
visions, 202-207; originate with the
people, 227; grants of patent rights
by, 392; are foreign to each other,

463.

Status, as preceding contract, 66.
Statutes, want of roots, 6; declaring
unconstitutional, 23, 28; when con-
trary to State Constitution, 25.
Stiles, President Ezra, 516.
Stockholders, in corporations, liabilities,
293, 294; rights, 295; may be held
to act for corporation, 296.

Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the

Constitution, 30, 32; innovations | Township, defined, 204.

introduced by, 290, 436, 463; patent
decisions, 394, 421; admiralty deci-
sions, 449, 453; as a law professor,
519.

Strikes, 92.

Subrogation, 462.

Supreme Court of the United States,
Marshall's influence in, 32.

Trade, Lords of, 12.

Trade-marks, beginnings of law of,
435; first American suits, 435, 436;
why protected, 437; what may be,
439-441; abandonment of 442; fraud,
unfair trade, 443; secondary mean-
ings, 444-446; damage to plaintiff,
447.

Supreme Courts, beginnings in Amer- Transportation, for crime, 375.

Supreme law, the, 19; the Articles of Treaties, early colonial, 492, 493; early

Confederation, 24.

Survey, marine, 472.

Suspending judgment, 370–372.
Sweden, our treaty with, 499.

Swift's Digest, 128.

Tail, estates, 190.

national, 496-499; of Washington,

502.

Trespass, action of, 87.

Trover, 88, 315.

Trust estates, levy of execution on, 60.
Trust-fund doctrine, 290, 291.
Trusts, of combined corporations, 276,
291.

Taney, Chief Justice, 454.

Taxation, colonial, by England, 278.
Taylor, Henry O., 287.

Tennessee, dissolution of Memphis, 256;
early college charters, 312.
Tenures, land, 49 et seq., 111.
Territories, of the United States, limita-
tion of indebtedness, 245; early char-
ters by, 312.

Testimony, of adverse party, 151.
Texas, annexation of, 43.
Thayer, James B., 320, 343.
Thompson, Seymour D., 141.
Thornton, William, 420.
Titles, land, 53, 54; registering, 63, 64.
Torrance, Chief Justice David, chapter

on Evidence by, 319.
Torts, early history, 83; Statute of
Westminster, 83; theory of, 86;
bibliography of, 86; negligence, 100
et seq.; felonious, 112; by agents of
private corporations, 287; of chari-
table corporations, 288; how distin-
guished from crimes, 345.
Town, defined, 204; colonial incorpora-
tions, 208, 219, 227; unincorporated,
224-228.

Townsend, Judge William K., chapter
on Patents by, 391; on Copyrights,
422; on Trade-marks, and Unfair
Trade, 435; on Admiralty, 448.

Ultra vires, contracts of corporations,
285-287; torts of corporations, 287,

288.

Unchastity, 366.

Unfair trade, 436, 443.

Union, plan of American colonial, 21.
United Colonies of New England, 351.
United States, enlargement of power

by, XIVth Amendment, 35, 40; source
of its criminal code, 39; judicial power,
39; sovereignty, 40; centralizing ten-
dency, 40; absorption of another
nation, 43; equity suits, 135, 140,
141; political subdivisions, 203; a
corporation, 283; early charters from,
311; system of pleading in courts of,
318; crimes against, 361; early trea-
ties with, 496-499; our civil war, 510,
514; our Spanish war, 515, 516.
Universities, instruction in constitu
tional law, 31.
Uses, statute of, 49, 194.

Vattel, as a text-book, 516.
Venezuela, boundary dispute, 506.
Venice, copyrights in, 422.
Vermont, early charters by, 310.

Vested rights, of municipalities, 253, White, Mr. Justice, 483.
254, 257, 258.
Whitney, Eli, 412, 420.
Veto, last English, 9; of American ex- Widow, dower of, 56, 183.

ecutive, 236; of mayors, 236.
Village defined, 205.

Virginia, its colonial bar, 14; colonial
legislature, 209; early municipalities,
209, 215, 220; modes of municipal
government, 235; close corporations,
in, 239; early private corporations in,
307-309; habeas corpus in, 360; copy-
right law, 423.

Wigmore, John H., 343.

Will, nature of, 167; a conveyance, 169;
forms, 169; early English law, 170-
172; early American law, 172-174;
probate, 172-175, 178-180; revocation,
175-177, 188; spoliation, 177; testa-
mentary capacity, 180; of land, 181-
183; lapses, 188; charities, 196-200;
construction, 168, 192 et seq.

William and Mary College, legal edu-
cation in, 17, 518; sends representa-
tive to Va. legislature, 22.

Visitation, right of, at sea, 504, 505.
Voltaire, on women as inventors, 419.
Voluntary associations, 268-276.
Voting, in municipalities, right of, Williams College, instruction in inter-
national law in, 520.

233.

Voyage, doctrine of the continuous, Wills Act of 1837, 171, 172, 175, 176,
485-487, 511-513.

Wager, by Battel, 87; of Law, 87.
Ward, Nathaniel, 14, n.

Warfare, rules of in 18th century, 494;
our General Order 100, 513, 514.
Warner, J. B., 96.
Washington, George, recommended an
appellate court, 33; a patent system,

420.

Washington, State of, city government
in, 251.

Watercourses, companies to improve,
271, 276; navigable, 453, 454.
Watertown, Mass., 231.

Watrous, Professor George D., chapter
on Torts by, 83.

Webb, James H., chapter on Criminal
Law and Procedure by, 344.
Wendell, Barrett, 26.

Westminster, Statute of, 83, 90.
Wheaton, Henry, 517, 519.
Whipping-post, 378-380.

181, 182, 184, 185, 190.

Wills, Statute of, 170, 180, 182, 184,

196.

Wilson, James, 278.

Winchester, Statute of, 231.

Winthrop, John, 232; Wait, 269.
Witchcraft, prosecutions, 356, 357.
Witnesses, in court, 328 et seq.; attest-
ing, 335.

Women as inventors, 419.
Woolsey, Theodore D., 517, 520; Pro-

fessor Theodore S., chapter on Inter-
national Law by, 491.

Words, secondary meanings, 444, 445.
Workmen's Compensation Act, 103.
Writings, evidence concerning, 384 et
seq.; how construed, 27.
Wythe, Chancellor, 17.

Yale College, charter of 1701, 267;
Clap's defence of charter of 1745,
278; instruction in international law
in, 519, 520.

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