sure with the habits of comparison. Rousseau rewards Emilius with cakes when he judges rightly; success, we think, is a better reward. Rousseau was himself childishly fond of cakes and cream.'

When children begin to argue, care must be taken to make them explain their terms, and abide by them; and, in books and conversation, all bad reasoning.must be avoided. They should never be encouraged to argue and quibble for victory.

Chap. XXIV. PRUDENCE and ECONOMY.'-The first of these virtues is considered as composed of judgment and resolution. To cultivate this virtue in children, they should be accustomed to choose for themselves in those things which are interesting to them; and whether they have selected well or ill, they should be suffered to abide steadily by their determination. Experience will soon teach them to reflect on and compare the value of the objects committed to their choice.

.. On the subject of Economy, the following observations.

Occur:

Economy is usually confined to the management of money, but it may be shewn on many other occasions: economy may be exercised in taking care of whatever belongs to us; children should have the care of their own clothes, and if they are negligent of what is in their charge, this negligence should not be repaired by servants or friends, they should feel the real natural consequences of their own neglect, but no other punishment should be inflicted; and they should be left to make their own reflections upon their errors and misfortunes, undisturbed by the reproaches of their friends, or by the prosing moral of a governess or preceptor. We recommend, for we must descend to these trifles, that girls should be supplied with an independent stock of all the little things which are in daily use; housewifes and pocket books well stored with useful implements; and there should be no lending and borrowing amongst children. It will be but just to provide our pupils with convenient places for the preservation and arrangement of their little goods. Order is necessary to economy, and we cannot more certainly create a taste for order, than by shewing early its advantages in practice as well as in theory. The aversion to old things should, if possible, be prevented in children; we should not express contempt for old things, but we should treat them with increased reverence, and exult in their having arrived under our protection to such a creditable age. "I have had such a hat so long, therefore it does not signify what becomes of it!" is the speech of a promising little spendthrift. "I have taken care of my hat, it has lasted so long; and I hope I shall make it last longer," is the exultation of a young economist, in which his prudent friends should sympathise.'

Young people who are educated at home should, as much as possible, be educated to take a family interest in all the domestic expences. Parental reserve in money matters is extremely impolitic; as Mr. Locke judiciously observes, that a father, who wraps his affairs up in mystery, and who, "views his son with jealous eyes," as a

person

person who is to begin to live when he dies, must make him an enemy by treating him as such. A frank simplicity and cordial dependence upon the integrity and upon the sympathy of their children, will ensure to parents their disinterested friendship. Ignorance is always more to be dreaded than knowledge.'

Before a young man goes into the world, it will be a great advantage to him to have some share in the management of his father's affairs; by laying out money for another person he will acquire habits of care, which will be useful to him afterwards in his own affairs. A father, who is building, or improving grounds, who is carrying on works of any sort, can easily allot some portion of the business to his son, as an exercise for his judgment and prudence. He should hear and see the estimates of workmen, and he should, as soon as he has collected the necessary facts, form estimates of his own, before he hears the calculation of others; this power of estimating will be of great advantage to gentlemen, it will circumscribe their wishes, and it will protect against the low frauds of designing workmen.'

The work closes with a summary chapter, and an appendix containing conversations and anecdotes of children. In concluding our view of it, we sincerely recommend it to the perusal of all parents; as well of those who are aware of the importance of an early attention to the education of their children, since they will receive much useful instruction; as of those who confine their ideas on this subject to scholastic discipline, since it may produce the important conviction in their minds, that the nursery and the parlour are as much the theatres of education as the school or the college.

It is observable that, comprehensive as this performance is, several branches of the subject undergo no particular discussion; such as the inculcation of the principles of chastity in females, of courage in males, &c. and that the topic of religious instruction is resigned wholly, as it should seem, to the tenets and the discretion of the parent. These omissions do not arise from inattention: they are noticed in the preface; and the writers state that they are silent in regard to religion and politics, because they have no ambition to gain partisans, nor to make proselytes, and because they do not address themselves exclusively to any sect or to any party.' With respect to courage and chastity, they appear to consider those qualities as so inherent and habitual in Britons, that all artificial recommendation of them must be unnecessary.

ART.

(60)

ART. X. The Report of the Select Committee appointed by the House of Commons, relative to the Establishment of a New Police in the Metropolis, Sc. and the Convict Establishment; containing the Plans proposed for establishing a New Office of Police and Revenue in the Metropolis-Proposals for a New Mode of employing Convicts.-Plan of the New Building for employing and securing Convicts.-Draft of a Contract between the Lords of the Treasury and Jeremy Bentham, Esq. for the said Purpose.-The Establishment of the Seven Police Offices, their Receipt and Expenditure.-The Establishment, &c. of the Public-Office, BowStreet. Together with Observations on the System of transporting Convicts to Botany-Bay, the Expence incurred thereby, and the Maintenance of the Colony. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Symonds, &c. 1799.

THE

HE principal subject to which this report relates is of very momentous and universal concern. With the Police of the Metropolis, every man who resides in it, and the immense numbers who daily crowd thither from the interior of the island, and from foreign countries, are immediately and deeply interested; inasmuch as the safety of their lives, and of their property, must in a great measure depend on the vigilance with which crimes are prevented, or the promptitude with which they are detected and punished. It is therefore with great pleasure that we observe the Legislature seriously engaged in considering a plan for the melioration of the Police of the Capital; which, every man of common observation must acknowlege, has hitherto laboured under some radical defect; some inadequacy fully to answer the great ends of its institution.

This report is dated June 26, 1798. The committee sat in the preceding session; and in the report which they then presented, they advised either the consolidation of the two offices of Hawkers and Pedlars, and of Hackney Coaches, as being singly inefficient with respect to Police, and at the same time expensive; or that they might both be abolished, and their duties respectively assigned to the Office of Stamps, and to the Magistracy of the metropolis; or lastly, that, if the Hackney Coach Office should be retained as a distinct establishment, a material retrenchment might be made in its expenditure. In this report of 1798, they declare their opinion that much more salutary effects with respect to Police may be derived from a plan to which they refer, drawn up by Messrs. Colquhoun and Poole, and which they annex to their discussion, than from any of the schemes which the committee submitted in their report of the last year. They then go on to trace the principal defects of the several branches of Police,

as

as they affect the security of the person or the property of the peaceful subject, the morals of the people, and the general finances of the country-they shew that the existing Police establishments were in want of many of those means of information and powers of action, which are most likely to operate beneficially towards the prevention of crimes; that the principal places of confinement and modes of punishment, so far from effecting the correction and reformation of the criminal, tend to send him forth, after his imprisonment is ended, more confirmed in vice; and, finally, that this erroneous and defective system of police was yet inordinately expensive :--the whole annual disbursements attending the Criminal Police in Great Britain amounting to 234,153. 14s. 74d. Of the expence and the effects of the system of the hulks, they give the most discouraging accounts; representing the annual cost of each convict employed in them, deducting the value of his labour, at 121. 13 s. 7 d.; and stating, on the authority of Mr. Colquhoun, (an experienced magistrate,) that "seldom or never is an instance known of an individual discharged from the hulks, who returned to honest industry." As little do the, Committee say in favour of transportation to Botany Bay; describing the annual expence of each convict who is sent thither as amounting to the enormous sum of 441. 19s. Id. which is compensated by no one public benefit, since the convicts who come back to England return but to afflict society with crimes of a still deeper die: while any advantages to be expected from the establishment of a colony, which may ultimately repay its expence by commercial advantages, are far too problematical and distant to be admitted into a sober calculation.

To correct these defects in the system of Police, and to diminish this extravagant expenditure incurred by the present mode of treating convicts, the committee propose two grand remedies. The first is the adoption of the system of Police suggested by Messrs. Colquhoun and Poole, and which consists in the establishment of one Great Board of Police Revenue, to be formed by a competent number of commissioners, with such salaries as should engage talents adequate to the situation: this Board to discharge the duties of the present offices of Hawkers and Pedlars, Hackney Coaches, &c. ;-two new offices . of Police to be established; -and all the offices to possess a concurrent jurisdiction over the whole metropolis, and the counties of Middlesex, Kent, Essex, and Surrey. They advise also, under this head, that the Attorney General shall be empowered to appoint Counsel for the Crown, with moderate salaries, to conduct all criminal prosecutions;-and that all

lodging houses in the metropolis shall be registered, and the proprietors made to pay a very small fine annually.-These, with some minor regulations, constitute the outline of this plan.

The next measure recommended by the Committee relates to the disposal of convicts :-it is simply Mr. Bentham's plan for employing and reforming that description of persons in solitary confinement. The articles of his agreement with Government, and the outline of his plan for the construction of his Panopticon, are subjoined in the appendix:-in which the reader will also find several interesting papers respecting the existing police establishments, and the new system proposed by Messrs. Colquhoun and Poole.

Five years have elapsed since Mr. Bentham's plan for employing convicts in solitary confinement was submitted to and approved by Government, but the execution of it has hitherto been delayed principally by the difficulty of finding a proper site for the erection of his Panopticon. That difficulty, we are here informed, is now likely soon to be removed. We rejoice, therefore, at the probability that an idea is shortly to be carried into effect, which promises fairly to contribute not more to diminish a very heavy item of public expence, than to promote essentially the interests of humanity and good order, by reclaiming some of the very worst members of the community, and restoring them to society with manners and habits useful to themselves and their country.

ART. XI. An Essay on the medical Properties of the Digitalis Purpurea, or Fox-Glove. By John Ferriar, M. D. Physician to the Manchester Infirmary, Dispensary, Lunatic-Hospital, and Asylum. 12mo. pp. 66. Is. 6d. Cadell jun. and Davies. 1799.

THE

HE leaf of the Purple Fox-Glove constitutes a more antient remedy than is commonly supposed. It was one of the articles of the Materia Medica of the Pharmacopoeia Lon dinensis, in the different editions of that work in the last century; it was inserted also in the impression published in 1721; was expunged in that of 1746; and was re-instated in the last edition, viz. that of 1788. Yet it is well known to physicians of twenty years' experience, that the Fox-Glove was generally. considered as a new remedy when it began to be administered about the year 1785 in London. The revival of the medicine. of iate years took place at Birmingham, as we have been told on good authority, first by Dr. Ash: but the most certain. document of its being brought again to light is in the judicious publication of Dr. Withering *. It is equally well known

"Account of the Fox-Glove." See M. R. vol. lxxiii. p. 369.

that