"He was made much on at Argos;" "much of." Fourth-With respect to the prepositions IN, FROM, &c. "They should be informed in some parts of hischaracter;" "about," or "concerning." "Upon such occasions as fell into their cognizance;"" un-' der." "That variety of factions into which we are still engaged;" "in which." "To restore myself into the favour;"" to the favour." "Could he have profited from repeated experiences;" "by." From seems to be superfluous after forbear: as, "He could not forbear from appointing the pope," &c. "A strict observance after times and fashions;" times," of "The character which we may now value ourselves by drawing" "upon drawing." "Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path;" "from the path." "Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel;" it ought to be, "which strain out a gnat, or, take a gnat out of the liquor by straining it." The impropriety of the preposition has wholly destroyed the meaning of the phrase. The verb to found, when used literally, is more properly followed by the preposition on: as, "The house was founded on a rock." But in the metaphorical application, it is often better with in; as in this sentence, "They maintained, that dominion is founded in grace." Both the sentences would be badly expressed, if these prepositions were transposed; though there are perhaps cases in which either of them would be good. The preposition among generally implies a number of the things. It cannot be properly used in conjunction with the It cannot be word every, which is in the singular number: as, "Which is usu found among every species of liberty;" "The opinion seems to gain ground among every body." 5. The preposition to is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion: as, "I am went to London ;" "I am going to town," But the preposition at is after the neuter verb to be: as, " erally used the neule place bave been at "I the place appointed;" Tale was at "I shall be at Paris." We likewise say: "He touched, “I arrived at any place." The preposition in is set before countries, cities, and large towns: as, "He lives in France, int London, or in Birmingham," But before villages, single houses, and cities which are in distant countries, at is used: as, "He lives at Hackney;""He resides at Montpelier." It is a matter of indifference with respect to the pronoun one another, whether the preposition of be placed between the two parts of it, or before them both. We may say, "They were jealous of one another;" or, "They were jealous one. of another;" but perhaps the former is better.logos of Participles are frequently used as prepositions: as, excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according. "They were all in fault except or excepting him." ་ mit upa 24-iqnal e diesen elli RULE XVIII. szitaninen po rasjóna ', ༣ ནི ཁོ ནྟི CONJUNCTIONS connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns: as, "Candour is to be approved and practised," "If thou sincerely desire, and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward;" "The master taught her and me to write;" "He and she were school-fellows."*iqua på anbeli yani zabie liv tedan vein a lo densid See Vol. ii. Part 3. Exercises. Chap. 1. Rule 18.0 chevy dud A FEW examples of inaccuracy respecting this rule, may further display its utility. "If he prefer a virtuous life, and is sincere in his profession, he will succeed," "if he prefers." "To deride the miseries of the unhappy, is inhuman; and wanting compassion towards them, is unchristian;" "and to want compassion." ." "The parliament addressed the king, and has been prorogued the same day," "and was prorogued. His wealth and him bid adieu to each other," "and he." "He entreated us, my comrade and I, to live harmoniously;" "comrade and me." "My sister and her were on good terms;"" and she." "We often overlook the blessings which are in our possession, and are searching after those which are out of "a our reach" it ought to be," and search after." 66 1. Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to connect different moods and tenses of verbs: but in these instances the nominative must generally, if not always, be repeated, which is not necessary, though it may be done, under the construcy be done, isa stupor piglet This rule refers only to nouns and pronouns, which have the same bearing or relation, with regard to other parts of the sentence. tion to which the rule refers. We may say, "He lives temperately, and he should live temperately;""He has done much for them, though he might have done more," "They did all that was in their power to serve him, and they should not be reproached for not doing more," "He cheerfully supports his distressed friend, and he will certainly be commended for it:" "They have rewarded him liberally, and they could not do otherwise;""She was proud, though she is now humble:" but it is obvious, that the nominative, in such cases, ought to be repeated; and that, by this means, the latter members of these sentences are rendered not so strictly dependent on the preceding, as those are which come under the rule. When, in the progress of a sentence, we pass from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the subject or nominative is mostly, if not invariably, resumed: as, "He may return, but he will not continue here." "He is rich, but he is not respectable." "He is not rich, but he is at he is respectable.' Though she is high-born, beautiful, and accomplished, yet she is mortal, and, occasionally, she ought to be admonished of her condition." There appears to be, in general, equal reason for repeating the nominative, and resuming the subject, when the course of the sentence is divert-. ed by a change of the mood or tense. The following sentences may therefore be improved. "Anger glances into the breast of a wise man, but will rest only in the bosom of fools;" "but rests only;" or, "but it will rest only." “Virtue is praised by many, and would be desired also, if her worth were really known;"" and she would." "The world begins to recede, and will soon disappear," "and it will.” If criticism should be able to produce some exceptions to this rule, we presume it will, nevertheless, be found a useful and proper general direction. Rules are not to be subverted because they admit of exceptions: exceptio probat regulam. SOME Conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood, after them. It is a general rule, that when something contingent or doubtful is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used: as, If I were to write, he would not regard it;""He will not be pardoned, unless he repent." Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature, require the indicative mood. As virtue advances, so vice recedes" "He is healthy, because he is temperate." See Vol. ii. Part 3. Exercises. Chap. 1. Rule 19.02 THE Conjunctions, if, though, unless, except, whether, &c. generally require the subjunctive "If nood after them; as, thou be afflicted, repine not;"" Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him;""He cannot be clean, unless he wash himself;" "No power, except it were given from above;""Whe ther it were I or they, so we preach. But even these conjunctions, when the sentence does not imply doubt, admit of the indicative: as, "Though he is poor, he is contented." The following example may, in some measure, serve to illustrate the distinction between the subjunctive and the the indicative moods; " Though he were divinely inspired, and spoke therefore as the oracles of God, with supreme authority; though he were endued with supernatural powers, and could, therefore, bave confirmed the truth of what he uttered, by miracles: yet, in compliance with the way in which human nature and reasonable creatures are usually wrought upon, he reasoned." That our Saviour was divinely inspired, and endued with supernatural powers, are positions that are here taken for granted, as not admitting the least doubt; they would therefore have been better expressed in the indicative mood: "Though he was divinely inspired; though he was endued with supernatural powers." The subjunctive is used in the like improper manner, in the following example: "Though he were a son, yet learned he obedience, by the things which he suffered." But, in a similar passage, the indicative, with great propriety, is employed to the same purpose: "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor." ared 1. Lest and that, annexed to a command preceding, neces sarily require the subjunctive mood: as, "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty;""Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee;""Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob." If with but following it, when futurity is denoted, requires the subjunctive mood: as, "If he do but touch the hills, they shall smoke;" "If he be but discreet, he will succeed." But the indicative ought to be used, on this occasion, when future time is not signified: as, "If, in this expression, he does but jest, no offence should be taken;""If she is but sincere, I am happy." The saine distinction applies to the following forms of expression: "If he do submit, it will be from necessity "Though he does submit, he is not convinced;"If thou do not reward this service, he will be discouraged," "If thou dost heartily forgive him, endeavour to forget the offence." JENI 2. In the following instances, the conjunction that, expres sed or understood, seems to be improperly accompanied with the subjunctive mood." So much she dreaded his tyranny, 3. The same conjunction governing both the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the same sentence, and in the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety; as in these instances." If there be but one body of legislators, it is no better than a tyranny: if there are only two, there will want a casting voice." "Ifa man have a hundred sheep, and one of them is gone astray," &c. 4. Almost all the irregularities, in the construction of any language, have arisen from the ellipsis of some words, which were originally inserted in the sentence, and made it regular; and it is probable, that this has been generally the case with respect to the conjunctive form of words, now in use; which will appear from the following examples: "We shall overtake him though he run;" that is, "though he should run;"" Unless he act prudently, he will not accomplish bis purpose;" that is, "unless be shall act prudently." "If he succeed and obtain his end, he will not be the happier for it" that is, "If. he should succeed, These reand should obtain his end." marks and examples are designed to show the original of many of our present conjunctive forms of expression; and to enable the student to examine the propriety of using them, by tracing the words in question to their proper origin and ancient connexions. But it is necessary to be more particular on this subject, and therefore we shall add a few observations respecting it. That part of the verb which grammarians call the present tense of the subjunctive mood, has a future signification. This is effected by persons singularng the terminations of the second and third 6 of indicative; as will be evident from the following examples: "If thou prosper, thou shouldst be thankful:""Unless be study more closely, he will never be learned." Some writers however whould express these sentiments without those variations; "If thou prosperest," &c. "Unless be studies," &c. and as there is great diversity of practice in this point, it is proper to offer the learners a few remarks, to assist them in distinguishing the right application of these different forms of expression. It may be considered as a rule, that the changes of termination are necessary, when these two circumstances concur: 1st, When the subject is of a dubious and contingent nature; and 2d, When the verb has a reference to future time. In the following sentences, both these cir ww |