Retention and Stability in Orthodontics

active advancement alignment amount anterior appliances arch arch length average base bite cephalometric changes Class clinical continued correction crowding cuspid deep overbite dental dentition dimension direction effect eruption evaluation expansion extraction extrusion facial factors FIGURE fixation fixed force forward functional greater growth growth pattern H-axis incisal increase indicated individual initial intrusion lateral Little long-term long-term stability lower incisors malocclusion mandible mandibular mandibular incisors maxilla maxillary maxillary incisors mean measured mechanics molars months move movement nonextraction normal noted observed occlusion occurred original Orthod orthodontic treatment overbite overjet patients percent period placed planning position possible posterior teeth postretention posttreatment premolar present pretreatment problem protrusive relapse relation relationship removed result retainer retention rotation sample seen severe showed significant skeletal space stability subjects suggested Table teeth tion tooth treated University upper upright variables vertical width wire