started on the march to Rome, he was nearing the Imperial city, when the news reached him that Gregory IX. was dead. The council, therefore, was never held. After Gregory's death Celestinus only occupied the Papal Chair for two years. He was succeeded by Innocent IV.—a man of great determination. This Pontiff escaped to Lyons in France, summoned a General Council there, and on the 17th July 1245 excommunicated Frederick, and declared his throne vacant. On the 18th February 1248, Frederick's army was defeated in battle, and other disasters coming upon him, this "Stupor Mundi,” as he has been called, died somewhat suddenly at his hunting-lodge, near Lucera, on the 13th December following, leaving the vast Empire which he had ruled with such ability in confusion. The Chronica de Mailros says that the captivity of the Bishops of St Andrews and Glasgow took place in 1245. This would rather seem to point to the council of Innocent IV. at Lyons on 17th July 1245. But Mosheim and Spottiswoode, above referred to, indicate the council of Gregory at Rome summoned in 1240. CHAPTER VI. The "Pontificale," or Book of Ceremonies, with List of Dedications. N IN the summer of the year 1240, David de Bernham, as Bishop of St Andrews, commenced the dedication or consecration of those churches in Scotland, the only record of which is contained in the Pontifical now lying in the National Library of France. Of the history and vicissitudes of this interesting and valuable thirteenth-century Scottish manuscript, it is now impossible to give full details. The attention of British scholars was first called to it by M. Leopold Delisle, Administrateur - Général of the National Library of France. According to M. Delisle, this Service Book of the ancient Church of Scotland was probably in the chapel of the French king somewhere about the fifteenth century. In the year 1712 it was seen by two Benedictines, "dom Martene et dom Durand," in the Theological Seminary (Séminaire), or or Priests' College of Chalons-sur-Marne. In 1740 it was acquired by the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, along with the manuscripts of Maréchal de Noailles; and in that celebrated library it is now preserved, catalogued, however, erroneously as "Pontificale Anglicanum" instead of Pontificale Scoticanum, and is numbered "1218 fonds Latin." It is said to be a small quarto, well and correctly written in a clear thirteenth-century hand, and with musical notation; and consists of "142 folios, vellum, each measuring 6 inches in width, by 94 inches in height." Each page has thirteen lines, and the offices contained in it are those for the consecration of a church, an altar, a cemetery or burying-ground, and for the reconciliation of a church; and one such church is mentioned as having been so "reconciled"—namely, that of the Holy Trinity at Berwick, "post effusionem sanguinis," as the result of a deadly quarrel there between two "scolocs," "scologs," or "Clerici Scholares." On the second and third folios of this ancient book of ceremonies there is the record of the dedication of many churches and chapels in the diocese of St Andrews in Scotland, for which the volume was used-in the case of 140 of these churches-by Bishop David de Bernham, during the years 1240-1249; and in the case of two, by Bishop William Wishart in the year 1276. (Pont. Eccl. S. And., pp. ii, iii, iv, vi.) The Pontifical itself ("Pontificale Ecclesiæ S. Andreæ ") was published at Edinburgh (Pitsligo Press) in 1885, under the editorship of Chr. Wordsworth, M.A., Rector of Glaston, and contains the list of churches above referred to. The identification of many of these with the names of the saints is due to the research of the Rev. Dr James Gammack, formerly of Drumlithie, now of Aberdeen. "Listun" and "Eglemanechy" are evidently, however, churches in Linlithgowshire, not in Forfarshire. This list of churches was first printed in Scotland by Dr Joseph Robertson, of the Register House, Edinburgh, on 26th June 1866, in the Appendix to the Preface of the Concilia Scotia' (Tomus Primus, pp. ccxcviii-ccciii), who received it from the Episcopal Bishop of Brechin. It is right to add, in conclusion, that much credit is due to the Rev. Walter Bell for the publication of the Pontifical itself. |