sometimes supposed to be derived from itinerant were also discovered in a shallow grave on the street gamblers--play on a stage, or play with cards. Which of these two is the true one? I observe in Oldham's poems, London, 8vo., 1684, p. 133, speaking of a poor comedy, he says, Whose play

Will scarce for candles and their snuffing pay."
EDWARD SOLLY.

"AKERMAN AND H. ALKEN."-Can any one give me a memoir of Akerman, the old publisher of good sporting engravings, and books with coloured engravings, also of Henry Alken, an artist, who was connected with him? I should like to know where there is a list of the prints which he published, with value affixed.

H. S. SKIPTON.

farm of Mr. Edmond Riley, of Kiplingcotes, and that of a woman in a mound on the old racecourse, the latter being about one foot under the natural surface. There is a singular absence in these barrows of the implements used in those remote ages, and so frequently found with human remains in many parts of the country. Not only in the present excavations, but in those formerly instituted by Lord Londesborough, implements usually associated with ancient interments are entirely wanting. Contrary also to the generality of the barrows found on the wolds, which contain chiefly unburnt remains, in this locality they are for the most part burnt. Although this part of the country seems to have been extensively peopled, as these sepulchral remains betoken, there is a singular absence of implements, whereas in the north and middle wolds flint implements are found scattered about in all directions. Stone axes and other rude implements are abundant in the rest of the wold district, but they seem to have been entirely unknown in this locality, as many persons have searched for such remains without result.

AS COLD AS CHARITY.-This saying has been familiar to me all my life, but, as applied to the weather, I have never been able to see its force. Nor in my reading, have I, until the other day, met with anything resembling it. St. Jerome, however, in his commentary on the Epistle to Titus, thus, I find, glosses the word "Charity," Ch. ii., v. 3"Calida quippe est caritas in his qui fervent in spiritu, frigens autem et glacialis, et gelida, in his qui flatus aquilonis durissimos suscepere." Charity AN ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY. -The Imparis warm in them who are fervent in spirit, but cold tial du Loiret states that the Comte de Vernon, a and ice-like in those who have encountered the member of the Orleanais Archæological Society, keen blasts of the north wind. I do not catch the has recently made a most remarkable discovery meaning. Perhaps some of your readers will help in the Church of Notre Dame de Clery. At a me to it. If used objectively, I could understand depth of not more than two feet under the pavethe last clause very well, but as used subjectively, I ment on the south side of the nave, not far distant can make nothing of it. EDMUND TEW, M.A. from the tomb of Louis XI., the Comte found a small tomb, in which was a leaden box carefully soldered. In the middle of the nave, and at the same depth, a small leaden coffin was found, | containing a woollen cloth, in which the body of a newly-born infant had been enveloped. Although there was no inscription upon the coffin, there is every reason to believe that it contained the remains of the infant child of Louis XI., interred near his father. The leaden box was afterwards opened in the presence of several members of the Archæological Society, when it was found to contain a human heart, wrapped in woollen cloth. The metal had become so rusted that it was difficult to discover any inscription, but after a careful investigation the Comte de Vernon deciphered the following, written in characters of the fifteenth century "C'est le coeur du Roy Charles huitième. 1498."

Research and Discovery.

TUMULI ON THE YORKSHIRE WOLDS.-Last month Canon Greenwell, of Durham Cathedral, and Professor Rolleston, of Oxford, completed a series of very interesting excavations among the ancient barrows which exist in the Goodmanham and Etton Wolds, near Beverley. The group consists of thirty-one tumuli, and in 1851 some half-a-dozen of these were opened by Lord Londesborough, when some bodies were found, associated with urns of very ancient date. In 1866, Canon Greenwell opened six others, the result of which was that he found a very large number of burnt bones, with urns, and one unburnt body in a deep grave. During his present excavations some eight or ten tumuli have been POMPEII.-The Unita Nazionale of Naples gives opened, and some very interesting remains have an account of some interesting researches rebeen discovered, including an urn which has the cently made in the ruins of the buried city:very rare addition of a cover or lid to it. The "In the porch of a small house two skeletons body found in this grave was that of a young were found, one of them being incontestably that man, about twenty-five years of age, the skull of a woman, as it had on a bracelet of massive being of the round-head type and in excellent gold, of an unusual form, composed of thick preservation. The remains of two young girls rings soldered to each other, the whole being fas

tened by two pieces of wire of the same metal. entrance fee to meet the expenses of preserving The day after, in the garden of the same dwel- these inestimable monuments, and of instituting ling, was discovered a small statue, seated, about a search for others. Such taxes were imposed two feet high, of a rather uncommon model. at Pompeii, Herculaneum, Verona, Nismes, and It is in terra-cotta, but of no definite type. The other ancient cities. The antiquities in question head, in fact, is absolutely that of Jupiter;-the attract annually to Egypt a great and increasing figure is covered with a tunic, having short number of tourists, His Highness, seemed much sleeves, which only cover the upper part of the gratified by the address, and promised to give it arms; the legs and hands are crossed; a cloak his best consideration. falls from the shoulders and envelopes the lower limbs; the right hand holds a papyrus, so that the belief is it must represent a philosopher. Two days after, however, a more important work of art was found at the bottom of another garden contiguous to the one above mentioned, namely, a marble Venus, measuring, with the base, more than a yard in height. It is in perfect preservation, as it only wants two fingers of the right hand, but the most remarkable characteristic is that it is coloured. The excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have produced many other takable figure of a horned quadruped, with specimens of painted marble, but the tints have all, more or less, faded away. In the present work the hair is yellow, the eyelashes and eyebrows black; the chlamys which, from the left arm passing behind the shoulders, descends on the legs and covers the lower parts, is also tinted yellow outside, whilst the interior folds show at the edges some traces of blue and red. The nude parts are white. The left arm, the hand of which holds the apple of Paris, rests upon a smaller statue, the drapery of which is also tinted yellow, green, and black.

THE MONUMENTS OF EGYPT.-An address, signed by travellers of all countries, had just been presented to the Khedive by a deputation headed by Sir Vincent Eyre, and accompanied by the English Consul-General. This address stated that travellers from the West did not scruple to inscribe their names on any monument of early Egyptian civilisation they inspected. Paintings, hieroglyphics, statues, and bas-reliefs had been disfigured in this way. Secondly, several superb temples stood in need of instant repair. For example, at Karnak, several columns of the great Hall had their foundations weakened by the action of the water of the Nile and of the nitre which it had in solution. Thirdly, the palace and temple of Medinet-Abou, with the sculptures and paintings in its courts, would, if more completely excavated, be a source of sincere gratification to all lovers of art. It was most desirable, too, that each precious monument, such as the cave tombs of Bein Hassan, which possess a peculiarly high historical value, should have official guardians to prevent defacements by visitors and the neighbouring villagers. The deputation ventured to say that all tourists would be disposed to pay a small tax in the shape of an

DISCOVERY IN THE VICINITY OF THE DARDANELLES.-Mr. Frank Calvert writes to the Levant Herald:-"I have had the good fortune to discover in the vicinity of the Dardanelles conclusive proofs of the existence of man during the Miocene period of the Tertiary age. From the face of a cliff composed of strata of that period, at a geological depth of 800 feet, I have myself extracted a fragment of the joint of a bone of either a dinotherium or a mastodon, on the convex side of which is deeply incised the unmisarched neck, lozenge-shaped chest, long body, straight forelegs, and broad feet. There are also traces of seven or eight other figures, which, together with the hind quarters of the first, are nearly obliterated. The whole design encircles the exterior portion of the fragment, which measures nine inches in diameter and five in thickness. I have also found, not far from the site of the engraved bone, in different parts of the same cliff a flint lake and some bones of animals, fractured longitudinally, obviously by the hand of man, for the purpose of extracting the marrow, according to the practice of all primitive races. There can be no doubt as to the geological character of the formation from which I disinterred these interesting relics. The well-known writer on the geology of Asia Minor, M. de Tchihatcheff, who visited this region, determined it to be of the Miocene period; and the fact is further confirmed by the fossil bones, teeth, and shells of that epoch I found there, for I sent drawings of some of these fossils to Sir John Lubbock, who obligingly informs me that, having submitted them to Messrs. G. Busk and Jeffreys, those eminent authorities have indentified amongst them the remains of dinotherium and the shell of a species of melania, both of which strictly appertain to the Miocene epoch. In addition to these discoveries, at about ten miles' distant from the above locality, I have lately come upon other traces of man's existence in drift two or three hundred feet thick, underlying four or five hundred feet of stratified rocks. I cannot positively affirm that this formation is likewise Miocene, the fossil shells it contains not having yet been examined scientifically; but in all probability such will prove to be the case. Throughout this drift I have found numerous stone imple

ments, much worn. Flint is comparatively rare, but other hard stones have been adopted, red and other coloured jasper being most common. Some of these implements are of a large size, weighing upwards of nine pounds."

Restorations.

old church was of the simplest form, consisting of a parallelogram, about twenty-six yards long, by rather more than eight yards wide. It seems originally to have had no chancel, but during the incumbency of Mr. Greswell (a former rector) a chancel, or at least a tiny eastern recess, little more than eight feet by six feet, was built. There is now a spacious chancel, with arcaded open screens, dividing it from the nave and side aisles. YORK MINSTER.-Mr. G. E. Street, architect, Some old carved oak panels, which were probably paid another visit to York to inspect the progress part of the former seating, have been inserted in of the restoration of the south transept of the the choir seats. The sanctuary, or easternmost Minster. The larger half of the west clerestory part of the chancel, has wooden traceried arcadwalls has been successfully taken down, and ing round the lower part, and above this, a wooden operations have been already commenced for re-diaper, with stamped plaster. The ledilia and building it in a more substantial manner than credence are of pitch pine, as are, with a few exbefore. In taking down this wall a serious defect ceptions, the rest of the fittings. The east winwas discovered in one of the triforium arches, dow contains stained glass with a representation owing, no doubt, to the settling of the large lan- of the Crucifixion in the centre light, the four tern tower, which has injured the arch to a con- Acts of Mercy being arranged in the lights on siderable degree, causing the joints to give way either side. In forming the opening between to the extent of between two and three inches. the new aisles and the nave, the ancient construcThese joints had been filled up with pieces of tion has not been interfered with, but the lath wood and tile and plastered over to conceal the and plaster work between the oak supports has unsatisfactory appearance they presented. A merely been removed. The old mode of conflying arch, too, underneath the roof, springing struction-i.e., the timber framing filled in befrom the outer wall of the nave, has probably tween with lath and plaster, outside and in, been also instrumental in thrusting the triforium has been maintained throughout.-Manchester. arch inwards, so that from the top of the capitals Examiner and Times. to the crown of the arch it overhangs more than WESTMINSTER ABBEY.-The reredos of the five inches. This part Mr. Street has ordered to altar of Westminster Abbey, was reopened to be taken out as far as practicable without danger view on the morning of Easter Sunday. It will to the other parts of the structure, and solidly be remembered that in the place of a plaster 'rebuilt. All the fissures throughout the length screen erected by Bernasconi in 1824, Sir Gilbert of the bay will be thoroughly grouted with Port- Scott, the architect of the Abbey, planned the land cement to give it more strength and stabi- general design of the new reredos under the lity. The interior masonry, so far as at present superintendence of the Dean and Chapter. The cleansed of the whitewash, has now a much im- design was as far as possible constructed after proved appearance, giving some idea of what the the model of the ancient screen of the fifteenth effect of the restoration will be when completed, century, of which the other side, facing eastwards and indicating that the transept will be more is in a tolerable state of preservation. The frieze beautiful than ever. The abacus moulds of the in the new screen facing westward represents the large clustered columns have been discovered to scenes in the Gospel history corresponding to be Perbeck marble, and these, with the marble those on the other side representing the scenes columns, are now undergoing the process of in the life of Edward the Confessor. The mosaic polishing, which will add greatly to the beauty of picture represents the Last Supper, from a design the transept. To render the restoration complete, of Messrs. Clayton and Bell. The cedar table it has been suggested that the stone columns which replaced the former structure was carved which have been coloured to represent marble by Messrs. Farmer and Brindley, with Biblical should be superseded with real marble, but this subjects suggested by the present Bishop of Linwould add greatly to the cost. coln, then Canon of Westminster. This reredos. RE-OPENING OF DENTON PARISH CHURCH.- was, in its main features, completed in 1867. This church has been re-opened, after undergoing Three years later the large vacant niches were considerable enlargement, the present building filled under the direction of the present Dean, being more than double the size of the old one. by Mr. Armstead, by four statues representing The old part of the church has hardly been Moses, Peter, Paul, and David, the two Apostles touched at all, but the new work has been car- being those to whom the Abbey is dedicated, and ried out in such a manner as to retain the quaint, Moses representing the Law-givers and Statespeculiar character of the ancient building. The men, towards whose transept he looks, as David

represents the Poets on the side of Poet's Corner. was proposed that the flooring intended for the Since that time the decoration has been completed nave should be used in the cloisters instead of by the addition of framework and canopies, of tiles; and his Lordship also offered to fill the wainscot richly gilt and inlaid with enamelled great west window of the nave with stained plaques of metal and plaques of filagree and glass, and to execute, at his own cost, other imjewel work. The general treatment of the space portant decorations-the colouring of the roof of below the large picture is copied from the ancient the choir aisles and the Lady Chapel and chanretabulum discovered some twenty years ago, and cel transepts. It need scarcely be added that now preserved in the south aisle of the Abbey. the offer was accepted by the committee, and the This beautiful retabulum was of the earlier part works are now progressing. Considerably proof the reign of Edward I., as is shown by the gress has been made in the flooring of the nave, arms of Eleanor of Castille, and was probably about one-half of which has already been laid painted by an Italian artist. It is recorded in with Sicilian white and Kilkenny black marble, Dugdale's "History of St. Paul" that there was in squares ranged in panels, and joined by Parian a like retabulum made by one Richard Pickering, cement. The Lady Chapel roof has been but a citizen, in 1309, which is described as "a beau- meanly coloured in comparison with the roof of tiful tablet made and fitted to set upon the high the choir and chancel, only the tops and bottoms altar, variously adorned with many precious of the spandrels having been coloured, leaving stones and enamel work, as also with divers the centre parts plain. That work is being reimages of metal, which tablet stood betwixt two placed by richer colouring of a similar character columns with a frame of wood to cover it, richly to the colouring of the choir and chancel, which set out with curious pictures." Its cost was 200 has been so generally admired. The bare stone marks, which would, when translated into modern roof of the Lady Chapel (or Dean and Bishop's) money, exceed the cost of the new screen in the transept has been covered with plaster, and is Abbey. The vacant space underneath the pic- being coloured to harmonise with the colouring ture has been filled with seven heads representing of the choir and chancel roof. The roof of the the holy women of the Bible. The three large aisles of the choir and that of St. John's Chapel porphyry slabs in front of the Communion Table on the south side (formerly used as the vestry were given by the present Lord Elgin, being taken or robing-room) are also plastered ready for simifrom fragments of columns which his grandfather, lar decorations. The descent from the north when Ambassador at Constantinople, took from aisle of the choir to the Lady Chapel has been the East to England, at the same time that he put back westward abour three feet; a new flight brought here the famous Elgin Marbles. There of stone steps has been built, and new light iron still remains to be accomplished in connection gates have been erected here. The same alterawith the fabric, or its immediate vicinity, three tion will be made in the southern entrance to the important works :-First, the restoration, so far Lady Chapel, but as at present the daily service as can be, to something like its original splen- is performed in that part of the sacred building, dour, of the great northern entrance, formerly to which access is obtained by the south aisle of called Solomon's Porch; secondly, the filling the choir, that part of the work is for the present with stained glass the large windows of the postponed. Considerable progress has been made Chapterhouse, which, by the munificence of Par- in the richly-carved oak case of the organ, which liament, has been so completely rehabilitated, occupies two of the bays on the north side of the and which, has been thrown open to the public; choir. The design is by Sir Gilbert Scott. In thirdly, and chiefly, the erection, according to a the choir itself little remains to be done; but plan long ago suggested by Sir Gilbert Scott, of since our last notice the restoration and repair a new cloister adjoining the Chapterhouse, and of the two "national" monuments-the tomb of extending along the College-garden, which shall King John and Prince Arthur's Chapel-have serve for the interment of the illustrious dead of been completed by workmen sent down by the another thousand years when the present limited Government for that purpose. It was stated space within the Abbey is filled. "the tomb of King John has been scraped, and it is intended to recrown him." The "coronotion" has since been performed, and the effect is by no means pleasing. In fact, the recumbent figures of the monarch and of the two bishops, one on either side, are gilt, and the effect, in contrast with the plain dingy stone of the tomb, is most glaring. The shields on the sides of the tomb are roughly gilt, and the canopies of the buttresses are touched up in colours, but with a

WORCESTER CATHEDRAL.-In our last notice, it was stated that the floor of the nave had been prepared with concrete, and was about to be paved with blue slate and white (Hopton-wood) stone. Lord Dudley, looking to the general magnificence of the other restoration, thought this flooring was hardly rich enough, and he generously of fered to defray the extra cost of laying the floor of the nave with marble. At the same time, it

more subdued effect. The chapel of Prince BRITISH ARCHE CLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.— Arthur, beyond cleansing and very slight repair, has been left untouched. The oak entrance door of the chapel (of which there is a model in the Crystal Palace), which is regarded as a supreme work of art of the period, has been cleansed of the thick coating of paint which formerly obscured the beauty of the carvings. In removing the stone pulpit in the choir for the purpose of reconstruction, a fortunate discovery was made. In the pulpit as it lately appeared, there were emblems on three of the panels of three of the Evangelists-Matthew, Mark, and Luke-but that of St. John was missing. In taking down the structure, the fourth, that of St. John, was found partly hidden by other stonework. This will be restored in the remodelled pulpit now being erected. The cloisters, which appeared very plain before they were taken in hand by the restorer, have been wonderfully altered. The beautiful stone carvings in the roof (which had been plastered over) have all been restored, and the walls scraped, and the worn stone of sedilia and lavatory replaced.

Meetings of Societies.

March 26.-H. Syer Cuming, Esq., V.P., in the chair. A collection of Roman personal ornaments, from the recent city excavations, were contributed by Mrs. Baily. Among them were four specimens of the acus crinalis, or hair pin; two formed entirely of bronze; one having the shaft iron with a bronze figure of a dog on the end; and another, iron shafted, with a bronze porcine figure on the end. A harp-shaped fibula of yellow bronze. Two similar, of dark bronze. An iron finger-ring (annulus) set with an oval black obsidian. Three châtelaine implements of yellow bronze, as used by a Roman lady. Also a terminal ornament of a belt, bronze, champlevé enamel, of the thirteenth century. The chairman carefully and ably described all these objects. Mr. E. Roberts exhibited the following Roman articles, also from the excavations in Queen Victoria-street, City :-Iron hinge of a box, hook and eye, door-handles, staple, fish-hook, part of a style, part of a spatula, and some bronze needles. The chairman having remarked that the Roman iron was almost always wrought, a discussion ensued respecting the antiquity of cast iron, in which Mr. J. W. Grover, Mr. Roberts, and others, took part. Mr. Roberts also exhibited a collection of six jugs, Gray Beards, of the sixteenth century ; a pipkin and two skillets of the seventeenth cenSOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.- March 20.-J. tury; a knife and spoon of the fourteenth century, Winter Jones, Esq., V.P., in the chair. Mr. H. &c. Mr. R. C. Driver sent a snuff-box, having on Jones exhibited and presented two chromo-litho- the lid a fine Roman cameo of the sixteenth cengraphic views of the Lord Mayor's state coach. tury. Mr. W. H. Cope exhibited a German pilgrim's Mr. E. Peacock exhibited a drawing of a grave- bottle, with inscription and arms, and the date slab in Lincolnshire, and rubbings of three palimp- 1678. It is of stone-ware, but an imitation of sest brasses from the Church of St. Mary le Wig- Bohemian glass. Mr. H. Syer Cuming exhibited a ford, Lincoln. Mr. G. G. Frances exhibited portion of an ancient Grain Muller of Andernach rubbings of two brasses in the parish church of lava, a portion of an ancient dagger-blade of the Teddington. Mr. J. Y. Akerman exhibited a same lava, both from Cologne; and a Wallachian bronze armilla found in the Thames. Mr. W. clasp-knife of the seventeenth century. Watkiss Lloyd exhibited a diaper table-cloth, Treasury exhibited, through Mr. G. R. Wright, figured with the arms and badge of Anne Boleyn, some London tradesmen's tokens of the seventeenth and with the portrait and name of "Queen Eliza- century, recently found in London. Mr. Henry The Rev. J. Beck exhibited a penannular W. Henfrey exhibited a small bronze hexagonal bronze brooch, found in Courland. Mr. E. P. seal, of the fourteenth century, inscribed "SANCTA Shirley exhibited two spiked skewer-shaped objects KATERINA," and bearing a rude figure of St. Katheof bronze, found in Lough Na Glack, Ireland. Mr. | rine standing, holding the wheel. Mr. G. R. A. Way exhibited, by permission of the Rev. E. Wright read some interesting historical and descripBankes, a lozenge-shaped object of lead, inlaid with tive notes on "York Stairs," or the York water-gate brass, a fragment of some decorated work of the built by Inigo Jones, and still remaining. ninth century. Reports were read from the Rev. strongly invited attention to its present disgraceful R. C. Jenkins, Local Secretary for Kent, and from and ruinous state, and recommended a memorial the Rev. W. Iago, Local Secretary for Cornwall, to the Metropolitan Board of Works on the subject. on the archæology of their respective counties; Mr. H. Syer Cuming then read his paper "On and the special thanks of the meeting were voted Sun Dials," and exhibited in illustration of it a to them. Mr. A. W. Franks, Director, laid before brass horizontal sun-dial of the seventeenth centhe meeting a further account of Hunchedden, in tury, from his own collection; and a similar one, the province of Drenthe, Netherlands; with an rather larger, and dated 1679, lent by the Rev. S. official report on that province by Governor M. Mayhew.

Gregory.

The